Management of Tropical River Basins and Reservoirs under Water Stress: Experiences from Northeast Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. The São Francisco River Basin (SFRB)
- −
- In Higher São Francisco the predominant climate is Aw type—hot and humid with summer rains;
- −
- The Middle São Francisco presents a predominant climate type of Aw, also presenting another climatic variation BShw, semiarid;
- −
- The Sub-Middle São Francisco is classified as semiarid (BShw), with seven to eight dry months and an autumn rainfall regime with an annual total of about 550 mm, mainly concentrated between the months of November and March;
- −
- The Lower São Francisco presents a predominant climate of As—hot and humid with winter rains [25].
2.2. Itaparica Reservoir
2.3. Water Transposition Project
2.4. Water Quality Monitoring
- −
- Implement the Cleaning and Deforestation Program of the Reservoirs, with the removal of the biomass before filling in a selective manner, prioritizing deforestation, and cleaning vegetation in the range between the marginal limit and the depths of up to 10 m, where the conditions of light penetration favor algae development;
- −
- Conduct the water quality and limnology monitoring program;
- −
- Monitor the natural sequence of species within the channels and reservoirs;
- −
- Systematic inspection of reservoirs in relation to eutrophication.
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Assessment of the Itaparica Reservoir
- −
- Absence of vegetation along the banks due to water level variations;
- −
- Uncontrolled use of the banks of the reservoir for agricultural activities;
- −
- Increasing use of shallow areas of the reservoir for aquaculture projects;
- −
- Release of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater;
- −
- Soil and bank erosion processes.
- Contemplate all the technological alternatives and locations of the project, confronting them with an action of non-execution of the project;
- Identify and systematically analyze the impacts generated in the implementation and operation phases of the activity;
- Define the limits of the geographic area indirectly affected by the impacts and the denominated area of the project, considering, in all cases, the hydrographic basin in which it is located;
- To consider the governmental plans and programs, proposed and in execution in the area of influence of the project, and their compatibility (CONAMA Resolution n°.1, article 5) [47].
3.2. Water Quality Impacts on Dams
3.3. Water Balance
3.4. Thermal Regime of the Reservoir
3.5. Ecological Flow
3.6. Water Flow-Through in the Reservoir
3.7. Water Level Variation
3.8. Aquaculture
3.9. River Sedimentation
3.10. Social Impacts
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Foundations | Instruments |
---|---|
Water is a collective asset; | Plans for Water Resources |
Water is a limited natural resource endowed with economic value | |
In situations of water resources scarcity, priority of use will be given to human consumption and quenching animal thirst | The framework of water bodies in classes, according to the compelling uses |
Management of water resources should always provide for their multiple uses | The granting of rights to the use of water resources |
A river basin is the territorial unit of implementation of the National Policy of Water Resources and of action of the National Water Resources Management System | The charge for use of the water |
Water resources management should be decentralized and count with the participation of the government, users, and communities | The System of Information on Water Resources |
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximum | 9585 | 10,782 | 16,069 | 8336 | 9073 | 4417 | 2659 | 2119 | 1993 | 2011 | 4134 | 6221 |
Minimum | 1307 | 1359 | 1294 | 1326 | 847 | 708 | 651 | 558 | 455 | 346 | 344 | 1098 |
Average | 4672 | 4938 | 4934 | 4025 | 2426 | 1596 | 1312 | 1143 | 1022 | 1102 | 1763 | 3262 |
Parameters | Itaparica Reservoir | Icó-Mandantes Bay |
---|---|---|
Volume (max) m3 | 10.78 109 m3 | 166.7 106 m3 |
Length | 148 km | 13.7 km |
Area (max) km2 | 828 | 25.1 |
Water depth (max) m | 101 | 22 |
Mean depth (high water level) m | 13 | 6.8 |
Water residence time | 61 days | >1 year |
Critical Phosphorus load (g m−1 year−1 P) | 2.84 | 0.48 |
Actual Phosphorus load (g m−1 year−1 P) | 3.45 | 1.55 |
P sources (with ranking osition) |
|
|
Perimeters | Number of Families | Start of the Operation |
---|---|---|
Caraíbas | 1476 | 05.1998 |
Brígida | 443 | 02.1994 |
Icó-Mandantes | 802 | 03.1994 |
Barreiras | 721 | 05.1993 |
Manga de Baixo | 25 | 02.1987 |
Apolônio Sales | 100 | 05.1993 |
Perimeters | Number of Families | Start of the Operation |
---|---|---|
Pedra Branca | 711 | 07.1995 |
Rodelas | 508 | 05.1994 |
Glória | 124 | 04.1993 |
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Marques, É.T.; Gunkel, G.; Sobral, M.C. Management of Tropical River Basins and Reservoirs under Water Stress: Experiences from Northeast Brazil. Environments 2019, 6, 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6060062
Marques ÉT, Gunkel G, Sobral MC. Management of Tropical River Basins and Reservoirs under Water Stress: Experiences from Northeast Brazil. Environments. 2019; 6(6):62. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6060062
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarques, Érika Tavares, Günter Gunkel, and Maria Carmo Sobral. 2019. "Management of Tropical River Basins and Reservoirs under Water Stress: Experiences from Northeast Brazil" Environments 6, no. 6: 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6060062