Geopolymer Composites for Potential Applications in Cultural Heritage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.2.1. Geopolymer (GMK)
2.2.2. Geopolymer Composites (GMK-E and GMK-E-MP)
2.2.3. Curing Treatments
2.3. Geopolimers Characterization Methods
2.3.1. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.3.2. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
2.3.3. X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD)
2.3.4. Compressive Strength Test
2.3.5. SEM Analysis
2.3.6. Rheological Measurement
2.3.7. Determination of the Water-Soluble Salt Conten
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Material Characterization
3.1.1. Thermal Analysis (TGA)
3.1.2. FT-IR Analysis
3.1.3. X-ray Diffraction Characterization
3.1.4. Compressive Strength Test
3.1.5. Textural and Microstructural Characterizations
3.1.6. Determination of the Water-Soluble Salt Content
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Metakaolin | Marble Powder | Sodium Silicate |
---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 52.90 | 1.12 | 27.40 |
Al2O3 | 41.90 | 0.37 | - |
CaO | 0.17 | 52.26 | - |
Fe2O3 | 1.60 | 0.11 | - |
MgO | 0.19 | 0.87 | - |
K2O | 0.77 | 0.10 | - |
Na2O | - | 0.14 | 8.15 |
Water | - | - | 64.45 |
LoI * | 2.47 | 45.03 | - |
Sample | MK | SS | NaOH | Resin | MP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GMK | 41.6 | 50.0 | 8.4 | - | - |
GMK-E | 37.4 | 45.0 | 7.6 | 10 | - |
GMK-E-MP | 30.0 | 36.0 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 20.0 |
Sample | Wts (°C) 1 | Wte (°C) 2 | R (Weight %) 3 |
---|---|---|---|
GMK | 30 | 500 | 72 |
GMK-E | 30 | 600 | 70 |
Epojet® resin | 250 | 650 | 0 |
Sample 1 | F− (mg/(g Sample)) | Cl− (mg/(g Sample)) | NO3− (mg/(g Sample)) | PO43− (mg/(g Sample)) | SO42− (mg/(g Sample)) | Na+ (mg/(g Sample)) | K+ (mg/(g Sample)) | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GMK-E-AI | 0.020 | 0.106 | 0.027 | 0.056 | 0.266 | 6.701 | 0.100 | 11.1 |
GMK-E-BI | 0.017 | 0.077 | 0.013 | 0.023 | 0.173 | 5.518 | 0.069 | 10.6 |
GMK-E-AII | 0.004 | 0.028 | 0.011 | 0.016 | 0.047 | 1.661 | 0.045 | 10.5 |
GMK-E-BII | 0.004 | 0.017 | 0.007 | 0.013 | 0.040 | 1.634 | 0.025 | 10.4 |
GMK-E-AIII | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.030 | 1.260 | 0.044 | 9.8 |
GMK-E-BIII | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.031 | 1.108 | 0.032 | 10.1 |
GMK-E-AIV | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.021 | 0.736 | 0.031 | 10.0 |
GMK-E-BIV | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.022 | 0.726 | 0.019 | 10.2 |
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Ricciotti, L.; Molino, A.J.; Roviello, V.; Chianese, E.; Cennamo, P.; Roviello, G. Geopolymer Composites for Potential Applications in Cultural Heritage. Environments 2017, 4, 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments4040091
Ricciotti L, Molino AJ, Roviello V, Chianese E, Cennamo P, Roviello G. Geopolymer Composites for Potential Applications in Cultural Heritage. Environments. 2017; 4(4):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments4040091
Chicago/Turabian StyleRicciotti, Laura, Antonio Jacopo Molino, Valentina Roviello, Elena Chianese, Paola Cennamo, and Giuseppina Roviello. 2017. "Geopolymer Composites for Potential Applications in Cultural Heritage" Environments 4, no. 4: 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments4040091