Combining Ecosystem Services with Cost-Benefit Analysis for Selection of Green and Grey Infrastructure for Flood Protection in a Cultural Setting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Adopts a holistic vision—one that gives a more profound attention to primary values (i.e., values that concern human well-being, culture, ethics, ecosystems functioning, etc.).
- Undertakes a transdisciplinary way of working to gain an understanding of the coevolving processes between nature, society and technology—one that transcends the boundaries of scientific disciplines by bringing together humanities, science and technology.
- Aims towards selection and design of resilient and adaptive measures and policies—one that is not only directed towards single benefits but also towards multiple benefits to services and functions of urban ecosystems while being flexible in response to actual or changing expectations in climate or other drivers of risk.
- Enables active stakeholder participation—one that brings together individuals and key organisations who share an interest in, and responsibility for, solving problems throughout the entire risk governance process.
2. The Methodological Framework
2.1. The Concept of Ecosystem Services
- Regulating Services—flood disturbance regulation, water regulation,
- Cultural Services—aesthetic, recreation and tourism, scientific and educational, spiritual and religious.
2.2. The Concept of Cost-Benefit Analysis
- denotes losses recorded for base conditions (before mitigation),
- denotes residual losses, recorded with mitigation in place, and
- denotes the sum of all project and maintenance costs, accumulated over the life of project.
- Physical Damages: buildings, contents, infrastructure, site contamination, vehicles, equipment, landscaping;
- Emergency Management: costs for emergency operations centers, evacuations and rescues, security, temporary protective measures, and debris removal and cleanup;
- Loss of Function: functional down time, lost wages, loss of public services, loss of emergency services;
- Casualties: deaths, injuries, and illnesses.
3. The Notion of Multifunctionality
4. Demonstration of the Framework
4.1. Case Study Area
4.2. Application of the Framework
- (1)
- Identification and valuation of ecosystem services pertinent to the project site under various mitigation scenarios, including baseline (pre-mitigation conditions);
- (2)
- Evaluation of the most effective flood mitigation measures through hydrodynamic simulations, and evaluation of economic viability using benefit-cost analysis;
- (3)
- Selection of flood management measures through consideration of ecosystem services, and through solicitation of public and stakeholders input;
- (4)
- Development of the conceptual landscape layout plan.
- (a)
- flood regulation (regulating category);
- (b)
- aesthetic (cultural category);
- (c)
- recreation and tourism (cultural category);
- (d)
- scientific and educational (cultural category);
- (e)
- spiritual and religious (cultural category).
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scenarios | Mitigation Measures |
---|---|
1 | Existing drainage management and flood protection (existing scenario) |
2 | Construction of Ayutthaya bypass channel (regional measure) |
3 | Construction of Ayutthaya bypass channel and Chainat-Pasak canal (regional measures) |
4 | Increase of the U-Thong Road dike height and reinstatement of Ancient canals (local measures) |
5 | Ayutthaya Bypass Channel + Increasing Dike Height (combination of regional and local measures) |
6 | Ayutthaya Bypass Channel + Ponds + Ancient Canals (combination of regional and local measures) |
7 | Ayutthaya Bypass Channel + Increasing Dike Height + Ponds + Ancient Canals (combination of regional and local measures) |
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Vojinovic, Z.; Keerakamolchai, W.; Weesakul, S.; Pudar, R.S.; Medina, N.; Alves, A. Combining Ecosystem Services with Cost-Benefit Analysis for Selection of Green and Grey Infrastructure for Flood Protection in a Cultural Setting. Environments 2017, 4, 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments4010003
Vojinovic Z, Keerakamolchai W, Weesakul S, Pudar RS, Medina N, Alves A. Combining Ecosystem Services with Cost-Benefit Analysis for Selection of Green and Grey Infrastructure for Flood Protection in a Cultural Setting. Environments. 2017; 4(1):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments4010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleVojinovic, Zoran, Weeraya Keerakamolchai, Sutat Weesakul, Ranko S. Pudar, Neiler Medina, and Alida Alves. 2017. "Combining Ecosystem Services with Cost-Benefit Analysis for Selection of Green and Grey Infrastructure for Flood Protection in a Cultural Setting" Environments 4, no. 1: 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments4010003