Assessment of Nutrient Removal in Surface Flow Constructed Wetland Treating Secondary Effluent with Low Organic, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Case Study: Cedar Grove Constructed Wetlands
2.2. Sampling and Chemical Analysis of Water Quality Parameters
2.3. Above-Ground Biomass
2.4. Data Preparation and Treatment
2.5. Hydraulic Loading Rate, Retention Time, and Pollutant Loading
2.6. Data Analysis
2.7. Modelling of Nitrogen Removal
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Overall Water Quality
3.2. Pollutant Loads Analysis
3.3. Nutrient Removal
3.3.1. TN Removal
3.3.2. TP Removal
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Method of Analysis |
---|---|
TN | APHA4500 P J |
TP | APHA4500 P J |
BOD | APHA5210D |
NH4+ | APHA4500NH3D |
TSS | APHA2540D |
TVS | APHA2540E |
TDS | APHA2510A |
Organic N | APHA4500 P J |
Organic P | APHA4500PF |
NO3− | APHA4500NO3F |
NO2− | APHA4500NO3F |
TKN | APHA4500 P J |
PO4−3 | APHA4500PF |
Parameter | Mean ± Standard Deviation | Median | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Influent (N = 50) | Effluent (N = 50) | Influent (N = 50) | Effluent (N = 50) | MCR * (%) | |
Water Temperature (°C) | 23.6 ± 3.4 | 17.7 ± 4.8 | 24.1 | 18.4 | NA |
DO (mg/L) | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 6.1 ± 1.7 | 6.1 | 5.7 | NA |
BOD (mg/L) | <5 | <5 | <5 | <5 | - |
NOx (mg-N/L) | 1.06 ± 0.63 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.97 | 0.07 | 92.4 |
Organic N (mg-N/L) | 0.67 ± 0.43 | 0.83 ± 0.23 | 0.62 | 0.83 | −22.8 |
Ammonia | <=0.33 (n = 20, <0.1) | <=0.18 (n = 38, <0.1) | <0.1 | <0.1 | 60.3 |
TN (mg-N/L) | 1.83 ± 1.08 | 0.84 ± 0.22 | 1.81 | 0.84 | 54.3 |
Orthophosphate (mg-P/L) | 0.11 ± 0.13 | 0.17 ± 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.13 | −56.4 |
Organic Phosphorus (mg-P/L) | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | - |
TP (mg-P/L) | 0.14 ± 0.4 | 0.21 ± 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.17 | −40.5 |
TSS (mg/L) | 0.73 ± 0.83 | 6.44 ± 6.64 | 0.60 | 3.92 | −562 |
TVS (mg/L) | 0.60 ± 0.74 | 2.45 ± 2.44 | 0.51 | 3.25 | −302 |
TDS (mg/L) | 428 ± 36 | 446 ± 73 | 421 | 443 | - |
pH | 7.08 ± 0.16 | 7.25 ± 0.19 | 7.1 | 7.23 | - |
EC (μS/cm) | 704.9 ± 59.4 | 734.3 ± 123.9 | 693 | 729 | - |
Month | TN-in | TP-in | pH-in | TDS-in | Temp-in | DO-in | TN-out | TP-out | TSS-out | TVS-out | pH-out | TDS-out | Temp-out | DO-out | HRT | Adj. HLR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nov-20 | 0.51 | 0.07 | 7.25 | 352.52 | 23.88 | 3.65 | 0.40 | 0.10 | 3.65 | 0.89 | 7.70 | 168.55 | 23.88 | 2.37 | 9.92 | 18.81 | 5.79 |
Dec-20 | 0.60 | 0.06 | 7.03 | 347.05 | 22.90 | 4.63 | 0.88 | 0.31 | 8.15 | 2.73 | 7.63 | 400.93 | 22.90 | 5.59 | 12.17 | 21.45 | 13.43 |
Jan-21 | 0.56 | 0.05 | 7.10 | 369.64 | 23.68 | 4.36 | 0.76 | 0.14 | 7.53 | 2.37 | 7.45 | 390.78 | 23.68 | 6.70 | 11.89 | 22.74 | 11.32 |
Feb-21 | 0.90 | 0.12 | 7.20 | 338.05 | 23.60 | 4.01 | 0.56 | 0.13 | 3.59 | 2.88 | 7.50 | 255.38 | 23.60 | 4.57 | 11.03 | 19.13 | 7.20 |
Mar-21 | 6.78 | 1.84 | 7.30 | 492.15 | 21.38 | 7.87 | 1.91 | 0.80 | 36.38 | 13.44 | 7.37 | 410.86 | 21.38 | 4.67 | 16.43 | 19.77 | 24.43 |
Apr-21 | 1.70 | 0.14 | 7.10 | 414.65 | 15.80 | 6.13 | 0.63 | 0.06 | 11.20 | 1.00 | 7.60 | 448.45 | 15.80 | 8.49 | 12.66 | 30.34 | 11.93 |
May-21 | 1.96 | 0.05 | 7.13 | 426.22 | 14.90 | 6.03 | 0.59 | 0.12 | 3.57 | 3.24 | 7.28 | 403.09 | 14.90 | 5.50 | 12.44 | 33.10 | 12.96 |
Jun-21 | 1.65 | 0.04 | 6.90 | 326.06 | 12.09 | 5.06 | 0.36 | 0.03 | 1.33 | 0.71 | 7.17 | 299.67 | 12.09 | 5.64 | 10.79 | 33.00 | 9.77 |
Jul-21 | 2.00 | 0.03 | 6.98 | 360.87 | 11.50 | 5.54 | 0.52 | 0.07 | 1.88 | 0.97 | 7.48 | 363.46 | 11.50 | 7.72 | 11.97 | 35.19 | 11.63 |
Aug-21 | 1.30 | 0.04 | 6.95 | 347.63 | 14.18 | 4.35 | 0.39 | 0.07 | 1.99 | 1.43 | 7.33 | 269.84 | 14.18 | 5.55 | 11.86 | 38.40 | 9.82 |
Sep-21 | 1.46 | 0.04 | 7.13 | 322.18 | 15.40 | 4.74 | 0.44 | 0.05 | 1.32 | 0.74 | 7.40 | 275.31 | 15.40 | 5.99 | 11.12 | 42.00 | 8.23 |
Oct-21 | 2.35 | 0.13 | 6.95 | 415.64 | 19.63 | 5.89 | 0.72 | 0.27 | 3.53 | 1.39 | 7.25 | 334.49 | 19.63 | 7.01 | 13.87 | 37.73 | 13.75 |
Nov-21 | 2.25 | 0.09 | 7.24 | 461.62 | 20.40 | 6.55 | 0.99 | 0.34 | 6.09 | 2.50 | 7.38 | 475.18 | 20.40 | 8.66 | 14.80 | 39.24 | 15.03 |
Dec-21 | 1.90 | 0.12 | 7.20 | 497.08 | 22.33 | 6.42 | 1.02 | 0.23 | 6.36 | 2.75 | 7.23 | 410.46 | 22.33 | 5.01 | 16.52 | 35.25 | 16.62 |
Jan-22 | 1.57 | 0.22 | 7.20 | 488.22 | 24.44 | 6.16 | 0.97 | 0.32 | 2.42 | 2.24 | 7.33 | 460.60 | 24.44 | 4.20 | 14.89 | 40.88 | 14.24 |
TN-in | TP-in | pH-in | TDS-in | Temp-in | DO-in | TN-out | TP-out | TSS-out | TVS-out | pH-out | TDS-out | Temp-out | DO-out | HLR | HRT | Adj. HLR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TN-in | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||
TP-in | 0.92 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
pH-in | 0.32 | 0.46 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
TDS-in | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.54 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
Temp-in | −0.06 | 0.20 | 0.65 | 0.35 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
DO-in | 0.81 | 0.63 | 0.30 | 0.85 | −0.05 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
TN-out | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.57 | 0.75 | 0.45 | 0.76 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
TP-out | 0.80 | 0.87 | 0.51 | 0.66 | 0.46 | 0.68 | 0.96 | 1.00 | |||||||||
TSS-out | 0.84 | 0.95 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.24 | 0.61 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 1.00 | ||||||||
TVS-out | 0.87 | 0.96 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.28 | 0.61 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.93 | 1.00 | |||||||
pH-out | −0.32 | −0.08 | 0.26 | −0.34 | 0.31 | −0.43 | −0.12 | −0.09 | 0.08 | −0.10 | 1.00 | ||||||
TDS-out | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.71 | 0.10 | 0.74 | 0.57 | 0.44 | 0.33 | 0.29 | −0.21 | 1.00 | |||||
Temp-out | −0.06 | 0.20 | 0.65 | 0.35 | 1.00 | −0.05 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.10 | 1.00 | ||||
DO-out | 0.04 | −0.20 | −0.36 | 0.04 | −0.45 | 0.30 | −0.05 | −0.14 | −0.06 | −0.21 | −0.09 | 0.53 | −0.45 | 1.00 | |||
HLR | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.41 | 0.93 | 0.30 | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 0.54 | 0.58 | −0.42 | 0.72 | 0.30 | 0.13 | 1.00 | ||
HRT | −0.05 | −0.35 | −0.32 | 0.19 | −0.48 | 0.27 | −0.23 | −0.26 | −0.47 | −0.41 | −0.59 | 0.26 | −0.48 | 0.41 | 0.23 | 1.00 | |
Adj. HLR | 0.84 | 0.77 | 0.32 | 0.80 | 0.18 | 0.90 | 0.93 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.80 | −0.34 | 0.70 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.89 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
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El Hanandeh, A.; Akrami, K. Assessment of Nutrient Removal in Surface Flow Constructed Wetland Treating Secondary Effluent with Low Organic, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads. Environments 2023, 10, 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments10050089
El Hanandeh A, Akrami K. Assessment of Nutrient Removal in Surface Flow Constructed Wetland Treating Secondary Effluent with Low Organic, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads. Environments. 2023; 10(5):89. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments10050089
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl Hanandeh, Ali, and Kambez Akrami. 2023. "Assessment of Nutrient Removal in Surface Flow Constructed Wetland Treating Secondary Effluent with Low Organic, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads" Environments 10, no. 5: 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments10050089