Legacy Phosphorus in Sediments of Lowland Waterways
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Conceptual Design of the Study
2.2. Study Site
2.3. Sampling, In Situ, and Laboratory Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Total P Contents of the Warnow River Basin
Source | Catchment | Region | TP Levels mg P kg−1 Sediment−1 | Main Land Use |
---|---|---|---|---|
[17] | Recknitz River | Europe, Northern Germany | 912–3974 | Agriculture |
[43] | River Swale | Europe, England, Yorkshire | 500–1500 | Agriculture, Moorland |
[11] | Sävjaån River | Europe, central Sweden | 73–1568 | Permanent Forest |
[44] | West Holland River | North America, Canada | 1600–2000 | Agriculture |
[45] | Hadlock Brook | North America, USA | 211–223 | Forest |
[46] | Agudo River | South America, Brazil, Rio Grande du sol | 622–992 | Permanent Forest |
[47] | Mekong River | Asia, China, Yunnan Province | 500–800 | Non-Agricultural |
[12] | Yangtze River | Asia, China, | 550–844 | Urban, Agriculture |
3.2. P Fractionation and Controlling Factors
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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H2O-P | NaHCO3-P | Resin-P | NaOH-P | H2SO4-P | Residual P | Total P | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subbasin | M ± sd | Range | M ± sd | Range | M ± sd | Range | M ± sd | Range | M ± sd | Range | M ± sd | Range | M ± sd | Range |
Beke | 15 ± 3 | 12–17 | 65 ± 51 | 28–101 | 58 ± 32 | 35–81 | 276 ± 283 | 76–476 | 266 ± 163 | 150–382 | 49 ± 30 | 27–71 | 728 ± 558 | 333–1123 |
Koesterbeck | 11 ± 9 | 1–18 | 129 ± 134 | 23–281 | 28 ± 11 | 18–40 | 55 ± 52 | 3–109 | 189 ± 54 | 149–251 | 37 ± 11 | 30–50 | 449 ± 147 | 350–619 |
Mildenitz | 8 ± 9 | 1–29 | 40 ± 63 | 3–178 | 30 ± 44 | 4–120 | 222 ± 518 | 7–1397 | 244 ± 181 | 124–628 | 70 ± 88 | 5–250 | 613 ± 874 | 161–2578 |
Muehlenfliess | 9 ± 5 | 5–18 | 87 ± 91 | 10–240 | 60 ± 65 | 3–176 | 393 ± 538 | 9–1369 | 287 ± 175 | 122–580 | 82 ± 93 | 15–265 | 918 ± 964 | 164–2648 |
Nebel | 9 ± 19 | 1–17 | 77 ± 87 | 4–237 | 47 ± 59 | 2–164 | 329 ± 555 | 5–1493 | 355 ± 158 | 79–536 | 55 ± 58 | 9–175 | 872 ± 790 | 155–2429 |
Oberwarnow | 23 ± 19 | 1–46 | 106 ± 157 | 14–341 | 41 ± 42 | 17–105 | 142 ± 181 | 12–402 | 144 ± 82 | 81–263 | 35 ± 38 | 9–91 | 491 ± 467 | 158–1182 |
Zarnow | 16 ± 5 | 11–21 | 159 ± 176 | 42–416 | 40 ± 39 | 12–99 | 111 ± 147 | 29–333 | 220 ± 121 | 112–390 | 42 ± 24 | 23–78 | 589 ± 506 | 257–1334 |
Whole watershed | 12 ± 9 | 1–46 | 88 ± 105 | 3–416 | 43 ± 45 | 2–176 | 241 ± 401 | 3–1493 | 257 ± 150 | 79–628 | 57 ± 61 | 5–265 | 698 ± 676 | 155–2648 |
Reference topsoils | 31 ± 18 | 24–34 | 21 ± 23 | 17–24 | 50 ± 24 | 36–57 | 171 ± 54 | 151–193 | 147 ± 56 | 123–182 | 50 ± 23 | 34–65 | 469 ± 198 | 417–515 |
Reference subsoils | 9 ± 8 | 3–18 | 7 ± 5 | 4–13 | 20 ± 14 | 12–32 | 63 ± 32 | 29–125 | 99 ± 28 | 69–156 | 53 ± 12 | 33–63 | 250 ± 123 | 149–407 |
Beke | Koesterbeck | Mildenitz | Muehlenfliess | Nebel | Warnow | Zarnow | Whole Watershed | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | |
Fe (mg kg−1) | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
Ca (mg kg−1) | 1.2 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 2.4 |
Al (mg kg−1) | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
C (%) | 0.6 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 4.6 | 7.7 | 6.2 | 8.0 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 3.3 | 5.8 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 3.7 | 5.7 |
N (%) | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
S (%) | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
C:N ratio (1) | 9.8 | 5.3 | 26.3 | 17.0 | 19.8 | 11.5 | 12.6 | 2.2 | 15.0 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 9.9 | 12.9 | 6.9 | 15.8 | 10.6 |
openwater (km2) | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 17.0 | 12.8 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 15.0 | 11.8 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | - |
agriculture (km2) | 46.4 | 13.2 | 27.5 | 32.5 | 139.9 | 107.3 | 63.6 | 53.6 | 112.6 | 97.3 | 172.9 | 74.9 | 29.9 | 15.2 | - | - |
forest (km2) | 8.5 | 1.5 | 4.2 | 3.3 | 75.3 | 57.9 | 23.5 | 19.3 | 71.5 | 51.5 | 44.1 | 30.2 | 3.4 | 1.2 | - | - |
drainage_area (km2) | 39.4 | 19.0 | 34.6 | 34.1 | 112.9 | 55.7 | 48.7 | 54.1 | 49.6 | 54.7 | 76.2 | 49.4 | 46.4 | 19.1 | - | - |
area (km2) | 57.1 | - | 34.1 | - | 241.0 | - | 94.2 | - | 206.8 | - | 228.2 | - | 34.6 | - | - | - |
water_level (m) | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
SO42− (mg L−1) | 108.1 | 23.8 | 65.6 | 16.1 | 87.1 | 51.3 | 77.2 | 39.8 | 101.1 | 81.8 | 95.1 | 35.6 | 160.2 | 54.4 | 97.2 | 54.4 |
NO3− (mg L−1) | 5.8 | 1.7 | 6.9 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 7.6 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 6.1 | 9.8 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 10.7 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 6.1 |
Cl− (mg L−1) | 57.0 | 27.8 | 47.5 | 4.9 | 29.0 | 2.7 | 150.1 | 255.0 | 40.3 | 12.3 | 30.8 | 1.0 | 36.5 | 12.3 | 57.6 | 110.7 |
velocity (m s−1) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
oxygen (mg L−1) | 9.0 | 0.1 | 4.1 | 4.8 | 8.9 | 1.7 | 6.6 | 2.9 | 6.8 | 2.2 | 6.0 | 2.9 | 7.2 | 1.5 | 7.0 | 2.7 |
pH (1) | 7.6 | 0.0 | 7.1 | 0.4 | 7.7 | 0.3 | 7.3 | 0.2 | 7.3 | 0.3 | 7.3 | 0.2 | 7.3 | 0.1 | 7.4 | 0.3 |
conductivity (µS cm−1) | 629.1 | 32.0 | 563.6 | 82.5 | 419.0 | 110.9 | 744.7 | 676.6 | 556.6 | 308.4 | 470.9 | 91.7 | 656.3 | 123.2 | 565.5 | 323.6 |
redox (mV) | 33.5 | 27.3 | −4.7 | 128.9 | 63.3 | 50.4 | 39.6 | 46.8 | 24.8 | 39.1 | 58.7 | 53.0 | 51.0 | 24.7 | 41.3 | 54.0 |
PO43− (mg L−1) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
TP (mg L−1) | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
P from WWT (kg a−1) | 116.0 | 0.0 | 48.3 | 83.7 | 127.6 | 157.1 | 49.2 | 105.5 | 319.3 | 98.7 | 522.4 | 664.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 188.6 | 305.2 |
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Koch, S.; Rosewig, E.I.; Lennartz, B. Legacy Phosphorus in Sediments of Lowland Waterways. Environments 2023, 10, 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments10030043
Koch S, Rosewig EI, Lennartz B. Legacy Phosphorus in Sediments of Lowland Waterways. Environments. 2023; 10(3):43. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments10030043
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoch, Stefan, Ellen Iva Rosewig, and Bernd Lennartz. 2023. "Legacy Phosphorus in Sediments of Lowland Waterways" Environments 10, no. 3: 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments10030043