An Ecotoxicological Approach to Assess the Environmental Quality of Freshwater Basins: A Possible Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling Sites
2.2. Lake Como Basin’s Contamination History
2.3. Solid Phase Extraction and Concentration of Water Samples
2.4. Acute Tests with Daphnia magna
2.5. Sediment Analyses
2.6. Chironomus riparius Culture and Bioassay
2.7. Data Analysis
- x: mean development rate
- i: index of inspection interval
- m: maximum number of inspection intervals
- fi: number of midges emerged in the inspection interval i
- ne: total number of midges emerged at the end of experiment
- xi: development rate of the midges emerged in interval i.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Water
3.2. Sediments
Column Heading | Site 1 | Site 2 | Site 3 | Site 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
LOI % | 13.7 | 12.1 | 14 | 14.1 |
pp’DDE | 1.2 | 3.7 | 16.5 | 2.5 |
op’DDD | 1.8 | 2.4 | 14.1 | 4.8 |
pp’DDD | 0.6 | 1.0 | 7.4 | 1.2 |
op’DDT | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.4 |
pp’DDT | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 0.5 |
PCB total | 20.9 | 30.8 | 194.5 | 56.3 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Roberta, B.; Benedetta, P.; Silvia, Q. An Ecotoxicological Approach to Assess the Environmental Quality of Freshwater Basins: A Possible Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive? Environments 2014, 1, 92-106. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments1010092
Roberta B, Benedetta P, Silvia Q. An Ecotoxicological Approach to Assess the Environmental Quality of Freshwater Basins: A Possible Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive? Environments. 2014; 1(1):92-106. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments1010092
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoberta, Bettinetti, Ponti Benedetta, and Quadroni Silvia. 2014. "An Ecotoxicological Approach to Assess the Environmental Quality of Freshwater Basins: A Possible Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive?" Environments 1, no. 1: 92-106. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments1010092