Poverty-Related Adversity and Emotion Regulation Predict Internalizing Behavior Problems among Low-Income Children Ages 8–11
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analyses
3.2. Tests of Association among ER Measures
3.3. Predicting Children’s Internalizing Symptoms in Middle Childhood from ER and Poverty-Related Adversity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Item | “Not True” 0 | “Sometimes True” 1 | “Very/Often True” 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | n | % | n | % | n | |
5th Grade Internalizing Problems | ||||||
1. Is too fearful or anxious. | 64% | 217 | 31% | 106 | 4% | 15 |
2. Feels worthless or inferior. | 87% | 294 | 12% | 39 | 1% | 5 |
3. Is unhappy, sad, or depressed. | 85% | 288 | 14% | 48 | 1% | 2 |
4. Is withdrawn, does not get involved with others. | 89% | 302 | 10% | 34 | 1% | 2 |
5. Cries too much. | 81% | 275 | 15% | 49 | 4% | 14 |
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Study Variable | M (SD) % |
---|---|
Internalizing behavior problems (5th grade) | 1.04 (1.38) |
Emotion Regulation (5th grade) | |
ABT | −11.82 (51.71) |
FEA | 0.89 (0.12) |
NA | 32.64 (5.10) |
Chronic exposure to poverty-rel. adversity (centered) | −0.01 (0.54) |
Covariates | |
Child age at baseline (months) | 49.50 (7.24) |
Child gender (boy) | 46% |
Child race/ethnicity (African-American) | 70% |
Child baseline internalizing behavior problems | 3.15 (3.04) |
Parent age at baseline (years) | 29.72 (7.64) |
Predictor | Model 1 | Model 2 |
---|---|---|
Coeff. (SE) | Coeff. (SE) | |
Emotion regulation | ||
ABT | −0.03 (0.01) * | −0.03 (0.01) |
FEA | −0.05 (0.02) ** | −0.05 (0.02) ** |
NA | 0.05 (0.01) *** | 0.05 (0.01) *** |
Chronic poverty-related adversity | 0.09 (0.03) ** | 0.10 (0.03) ** |
Interactions | ||
ABT X Chronic adversity | --- | −0.05 (0.03) |
FEA X Chronic adversity | --- | −0.01 (0.03) |
NA X Chronic adversity | --- | 0.02 (0.11) |
Covariates | ||
Child age baseline (months) | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) |
Child gender (boy) | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.03) |
Child race/ethnicity | ||
African American | −0.10 (0.03) ** | −0.10 (0.03) ** |
Parent age baseline (years) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) |
Child baseline internalizing behavior | 0.04 (0.01) ** | 0.04 (0.01) ** |
Baseline income-to-needs ratio (reversed) | −0.06 (0.03) | −0.06 (0.03) |
Constant | 0.47 (0.10) *** | 0.46 (0.10) *** |
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Raver, C.C.; Roy, A.L.; Pressler, E.; Ursache, A.M.; Charles McCoy, D. Poverty-Related Adversity and Emotion Regulation Predict Internalizing Behavior Problems among Low-Income Children Ages 8–11. Behav. Sci. 2017, 7, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs7010002
Raver CC, Roy AL, Pressler E, Ursache AM, Charles McCoy D. Poverty-Related Adversity and Emotion Regulation Predict Internalizing Behavior Problems among Low-Income Children Ages 8–11. Behavioral Sciences. 2017; 7(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs7010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaver, C. Cybele, Amanda L. Roy, Emily Pressler, Alexandra M. Ursache, and Dana Charles McCoy. 2017. "Poverty-Related Adversity and Emotion Regulation Predict Internalizing Behavior Problems among Low-Income Children Ages 8–11" Behavioral Sciences 7, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs7010002