Parents of Children with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD): A Narrative Study of the Social and Clinical Impact of CHD Diagnosis on Their Role and Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Methodological Assumptions
- Generative Repertories (GR): they allow to produce a shift towards narratives that are different from those that have already become available;
- Stabilization Repertories (SR): they do not allow to produce a shift towards ‘other’ narratives from those that are already available, allowing them to keep the current one stable instead;
- Hybrid Repertories (HR): they can have both a generative and maintenance value, as they draw their value based on the class of the Repertories that they interact with in the narrative.
2.2. Data Collection and Analysis
2.3. Scientific Data Validation
3. Results
3.1. How Parents Configure Their Role
3.1.1. I’m Worried and I Will Protect Him/Her
3.1.2. I’m a Hero!
3.1.3. I’m Normal and Untroubled
3.1.4. I’m Unfortunate
3.2. The Clinical and Social Repercussions
3.2.1. State of Ordeal
3.2.2. State of Alert and Overprotection
3.2.3. Limitation of Life Experiences
3.2.4. Personal Identity Changes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Discursive Repertory | Description |
---|---|
Certify Reality—CR (SR) | Discursive modality that configures reality by stating a clear, certain, and unalterable state of thing. The possibility of transformation is unforeseen for this reality. |
Description—DS (GR) | Discursive modality that configures reality as a common heritage that does not belong exclusively to any narrator and it needs everyone’s contribution to be maintained. It configures a current or past reality as if the narrator were responding to a question starting with ‘how’ instead of ‘why’ |
Specification—SI (HR) | Discursive modality that configures reality by providing a generation or maintenance of an explicit and detailed description regarding the configuration it is associated with, limiting its range of application to what is expressed. |
Possibility—PS (HR) | Discursive modality that configures reality by using one’s own and exclusive criteria as the only argumentative foundation, without making them explicit and describing them in order make them shared. It configures reality in probabilistic, possibilistic, and uncertain terms. |
Opinion—OI (SR) | Discursive modality that configures reality by making explicit that the contents are valid and delimited within narrator’s own and exclusive perspective. |
Targeting—TG (GR) | Discursive modality that configures reality in order to set an objective/purpose/goal to another part of the text, defining actions, strategies, interventions, etc. Enables the triggering of a discursive configuration aimed at the pursue of the defined objective/purpose/goal and, in this way, generating modalities belonging to the generative class and of maximum generative impact. |
Cause of Action—CA (SR) | Discursive modality that configures reality through empirical factual connections of cause-effects with value of truth, which determine an immutable course of events. The argumentation is not epistemologically founded. |
Confirmation—CP (HR) | Discursive modality that configures reality by validating and supporting what is expressed through the Repertory to which it relates. |
Contraposition—CT (SR) | Discursive modality that configures reality through parallelism between two or more discourse parts, which are connected in terms that one excludes the other. The criteria that allow exclusion are not made explicit. |
Implications—IP (HR) | Discursive modality that configures reality shaping the narrator’s own and exclusive position regarding probable situations that could occur and that have not yet occurred, through a cause–effect rhetorical argumentative link. Those situations are reported in a tense (and time) following the one related to the main action (present perfect-simple past or present or future, present-future, etc.). |
Judgment—JM (SR) | Discursive modality that configures reality according to CR’s processual properties by using moral and/or qualitative attributes without making explicit the criteria used, shaping the narrator’s own and exclusive reality, which is, therefore, not shareable. |
Prevision—PV (SR) | Discursive modality that configures realities defining/stating a future scenario as a certain result of the development of a current scenario through a cause–effect rhetorical argumentative link. |
Justification—JT (SR) | Discursive modality that configures reality by entailing maintenance of the ;current state of things’; it associates a situation to a previous one in order to legitimize a ‘state of things’, obstructing the use of other ways to handle or change what is happening. |
Non Answer—NA (SR) | Discursive modality that configures reality in order to avoid the asked question—according to CR’s processual properties—establishing a ‘state of things’ in which the narrator does not adhere properly to the process introduced by the question itself. |
Comment—CM (SR) | Discursive modality that configures reality in an inappropriate and irrelevant way to what is asked in the question following the narrator’s own and exclusive criteria, which are neither made explicit nor sharable. The argumentation does not allow to answer to the question asked and it uses CR’s processual properties. |
Generalization—GE (SR) | Discursive modality that configures reality by responding inadequately to the question asked and using cross-context argumentations, thus, not covering what is required. The criteria used are not epistemologically founded. |
Evaluation—EU (HR) | Discursive modality that configures reality by stating a ‘state of things’ funded on the narrator’s own and exclusive criteria, which, although explicit, are non-sharable. |
Declaration of Aims—DA (HR) | Discursive modality that configures reality by transposing the object of the request in a future perspective, without elements of certainty and probability as foundation. |
Proposal—PP (GR) | Discursive modality that configures uncertain reality, possible in an achievable way and aimed at handling what is requested/offered according to TG’s processual properties. |
Deresponsibility—DE (SR) | Discursive mode that configures reality by delegating to third parties processes that are proper and exclusive to the narrator. |
Prescription—PT (HR) | Discursive modality that configures reality as orders/directions given by a third ‘point of view’ position compared to the narrator’s one. Establishes rules and/or objectives and/or roles to follow, in terms of what one ‘has to do’ or ‘has not to do’. The argumentation acquires a structure founded on a relation of necessity set by a part of the text. |
Reshaping—RS (HR) | Discursive modality that configures realities that limit the generative potential of what the configuration offers. The argumentation’s reference is third and not referable to the narrator. |
Consideration—CS (GR) | Discursive modality that configures reality by proposing an argumentation which uses criteria of analysis that can be shared among several interlocutors, namely that do not belong to any narrators exclusively, but need all of their contribution to maintain them (the criteria). |
Anticipation—AT (GR) | Discursive modality that configures reality through an argumentation shaped according to CS’s processual properties. This Repertory configures many different and uncertain situation that can occur and that have not yet occurred using PS’s processual properties. |
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Research Aims | Questions | Example of Answer | DR |
---|---|---|---|
Describing the role of ‘parent of a child with CHD’ | How would you describe yourself as a parent of a child with congenital heart disease? | I think I learned so much from suffering and fear. But I definitely would have preferred to remain more ignorant, more superficial but more carefree. | Contraposition (SR) |
How might people who have not experienced congenital heart disease describe a parent of a child with such a condition? | We are usually told that we are strong, but I think others cannot totally understand our fears and emotions. | Judgment (SR) Specification (HR) | |
Describing the impact of CHD’s psychosocial repercussions on parents’ lives | As a parent of a child with congenital heart disease, how would you describe the repercussions your child’s heart condition has had on you? | I think there is more concern about what happens to him, in the sense that even every little illness or injury leads to “other” reflections and what might happen to him in his condition. | Evaluation (HR) |
How might people who have not experienced congenital heart disease describe the repercussions of the child’s heart condition on his/her parents? | Apprehension, fear, anxiety. | Certify Reality (SR) |
Role Configurations |
---|
I’m worried and I will protect him/her |
I’m a hero! |
I’m normal and untroubled |
I’m unfortunate |
Repercussions’ Clusters |
---|
State of ordeal |
State of alert and overprotection |
Limitation of life experiences |
Personal identity changes |
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Moro, C.; Iudici, A.; Turchi, G.P. Parents of Children with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD): A Narrative Study of the Social and Clinical Impact of CHD Diagnosis on Their Role and Health. Behav. Sci. 2025, 15, 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030269
Moro C, Iudici A, Turchi GP. Parents of Children with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD): A Narrative Study of the Social and Clinical Impact of CHD Diagnosis on Their Role and Health. Behavioral Sciences. 2025; 15(3):269. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030269
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoro, Christian, Antonio Iudici, and Gian Piero Turchi. 2025. "Parents of Children with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD): A Narrative Study of the Social and Clinical Impact of CHD Diagnosis on Their Role and Health" Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 3: 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030269
APA StyleMoro, C., Iudici, A., & Turchi, G. P. (2025). Parents of Children with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD): A Narrative Study of the Social and Clinical Impact of CHD Diagnosis on Their Role and Health. Behavioral Sciences, 15(3), 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030269