Levels of Empathy in Students and Professors with Patients in a Faculty of Dentistry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Instruments
2.4. Procedures
2.5. Statistics Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (CFA)
3.2. Measurement Invariance
3.3. Reliability Analysis
3.4. Estimation of Empathy Levels in Students
3.5. Estimation of Empathy Levels in Professors
3.6. Comparison of Empathy Levels between Students and Professors
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Invariance Models | χ2 | df | p | SRMR | TLI | CFI | RMSEA [CI 90%] | Δχ2 | Δdf | p | ΔRMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample | 495.34 | 166 | <0.001 | 0.035 | 0.924 | 0.934 | 0.038 [0.034–0.041] | – | – | – | – |
Santiago | 312.35 | 166 | <0.001 | 0.035 | 0.926 | 0.935 | 0.035 [0.029–0.041] | – | – | – | – |
Concepción | 264.19 | 166 | <0.001 | 0.060 | 0.901 | 0.908 | 0.050 [0.039–0.061] | – | – | – | – |
Viña del Mar | 258.13 | 166 | <0.001 | 0.040 | 0.948 | 0.954 | 0.033 [0.025–0.040] | – | – | – | – |
Configural | 831.36 | 498 | <0.001 | 0.041 | 0.929 | 0.938 | 0.037 [0.032–0.041] | – | – | – | – |
Metric | 927.41 | 532 | <0.001 | 0.052 | 0.920 | 0.926 | 0.039 [0.035–0.043] | 92.50 | 34 | 0.000 | 0.002 |
Scalar | 1116.99 | 566 | <0.001 | 0.057 | 0.896 | 0.897 | 0.045 [0.041–0.048] | 206.87 | 34 | 0.000 | 0.005 |
Strict | 2019.12 | 606 | <0.001 | 0.100 | 0.749 | 0.733 | 0.069 [0.066–0.073] | 769.88 | 40 | 0.000 | 0.025 |
Invariance Models | χ2 | df | p | SRMR | TLI | CFI | RMSEA [CI 90%] | Δχ2 | Δdf | p | ΔRMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Configural | 680.09 | 332 | <0.001 | 0.039 | 0.919 | 0.930 | 0.039 [0.034–0.043] | – | – | – | – |
Metric | 713.17 | 349 | <0.001 | 0.043 | 0.919 | 0.926 | 0.039 [0.034–0.043] | 33.20 | 17 | 0.010 | 0.000 |
Scalar | 773.23 | 366 | <0.001 | 0.044 | 0.915 | 0.918 | 0.040 [0.036–0.043] | 65.76 | 17 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Strict | 1048.43 | 386 | <0.001 | 0.066 | 0.869 | 0.867 | 0.049 [0.046–0.053] | 292.85 | 20 | 0.000 | 0.009 |
Santiago | |||||||||||
Configural | 483.98 | 332 | <0.001 | 0.043 | 0.924 | 0.934 | 0.036 [0.028–0.042] | – | – | – | – |
Metric | 513.17 | 349 | <0.001 | 0.050 | 0.921 | 0.927 | 0.036 [0.029–0.043] | 28.29 | 17 | 0.041 | 0.001 |
Scalar | 573.39 | 366 | <0.001 | 0.052 | 0.905 | 0.909 | 0.040 [0.033–0.046] | 66.75 | 17 | 0.000 | 0.003 |
Strict | 873.33 | 386 | <0.001 | 0.102 | 0.799 | 0.796 | 0.058 [0.053–0.063] | 2032.49 | 20 | 0.000 | 0.018 |
Concepción | |||||||||||
Configural | 524.91 | 332 | <0.001 | 0.077 | 0.815 | 0.838 | 0.068 [0.056–0.780] | – | – | – | – |
Metric | 556.41 | 349 | <0.001 | 0.089 | 0.808 | 0.824 | 0.069 [0.058–0.079] | 30.56 | 17 | 0.022 | 0.001 |
Scalar | 575.06 | 366 | <0.001 | 0.091 | 0.816 | 0.823 | 0.067 [0.057–0.078] | 18.40 | 17 | 0.363 | −0.001 |
Strict | 567.93 | 386 | <0.001 | 0.096 | 0.838 | 0.836 | 0.063 [0.052–0.074] | 12.99 | 20 | 0.877 | −0.004 |
Viña del mar | |||||||||||
Configural | 467.76 | 332 | <0.001 | 0.049 | 0.926 | 0.935 | 0.038 [0.030–0.046] | – | – | – | – |
Metric | 478.67 | 349 | <0.001 | 0.052 | 0.933 | 0.938 | 0.037 [0.028–0.045] | 10.83 | 17 | 0.864 | −0.002 |
Scalar | 497.60 | 366 | <0.001 | 0.052 | 0.935 | 0.938 | 0.036 [0.028–0.044] | 18.01 | 17 | 0.388 | −0.001 |
Strict | 501.45 | 386 | <0.001 | 0.056 | 0.941 | 0.941 | 0.034 [0.025–0.042] | 17.88 | 20 | 0.595 | −0.002 |
Invariance Models | χ2 | df | p | SRMR | TLI | CFI | RMSEA [CI 90%] | Δχ2 | Δdf | p | ΔRMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Configural | 525.03 | 332 | <0.001 | 0.073 | 0.842 | 0.862 | 0.068 [0.056–0.078] | – | – | – | – |
Metric | 547.25 | 349 | <0.001 | 0.083 | 0.843 | 0.856 | 0.067 [0.056–0.078] | 23.14 | 17 | 0.144 | 0.000 |
Scalar | 583.47 | 366 | <0.001 | 0.087 | 0.837 | 0.843 | 0.069 [0.058–0.079] | 36.88 | 17 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Strict | 613.91 | 386 | <0.001 | 0.100 | 0.822 | 0.819 | 0.072 [0.061–0.082] | 31.32 | 20 | 0.051 | 0.003 |
Campus | Sex | M (CC) | SD (CC) | M (PA) | SD (PA) | M (WIPS) | SD (WIPS) | M (E) | SD (E) | n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Santiago | Male | 42.03 | 7.375 | 59.66 | 7.068 | 8.12 | 2.618 | 109.81 | 13.073 | 261 |
Female | 43.85 | 6.974 | 60.83 | 7.525 | 8.47 | 2.768 | 113.15 | 12.816 | 534 | |
Total | 43.26 | 7.154 | 60.45 | 7.395 | 8.35 | 2.723 | 112.06 | 12.987 | 795 | |
Concepción | Male | 39.22 | 10.704 | 60.36 | 8.364 | 7.66 | 3.201 | 107.24 | 14.995 | 105 |
Female | 44.11 | 6.831 | 61.91 | 6.723 | 8.49 | 3.026 | 114.51 | 12.325 | 160 | |
Total | 42.17 | 8.887 | 61.30 | 7.441 | 8.16 | 3.118 | 111.63 | 13.884 | 265 | |
Viña del Mar | Male | 39.83 | 9.719 | 61.02 | 8.115 | 7.97 | 3.121 | 108.82 | 15.482 | 193 |
Female | 42.97 | 9.153 | 62.86 | 7.742 | 8.81 | 3.495 | 114.64 | 14.837 | 474 | |
Total | 42.06 | 9.420 | 62.33 | 7.890 | 8.57 | 3.410 | 112.96 | 15.245 | 667 | |
Total | Male | 40.74 | 8.986 | 60.26 | 7.704 | 7.98 | 2.913 | 108.98 | 14.317 | 559 |
Female | 43.53 | 7.921 | 61.80 | 7.564 | 8.61 | 3.118 | 113.94 | 13.618 | 1168 | |
Total | 42.63 | 8.379 | 61.30 | 7.641 | 8.41 | 3.067 | 112.34 | 14.036 | 1727 |
Variation Sources | Students | Professors | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F Test | p | η2 | 1 − β | F Test | p | η2 | 1 − β | |
E. | ||||||||
Course (Cov) | 19.211 | 0.0005 | 0.011 | 0.992 | ||||
Campus | 0.579 | 0.561 | 0.001 | 0.147 | 0.305 | 0.738 | 0.002 | 0.098 |
Sex | 48.086 | 0.0005 | 0.027 | 1.00 | 12.592 | 0.0005 | 0.046 | 0.942 |
Campus by Sex | 2.254 | 0.105 | 0.003 | 0.460 | 0.819 | 0.442 | 0.006 | 0.189 |
CC | ||||||||
Course (Cov) | 2.514 | 0.0005 | 0.013 | 0.998 | ||||
Campus | 4.363 | 0.013 | 0.005 | 0.756 | 0.516 | 0.597 | 0.004 | 0.135 |
Sex | 48.077 | 0.0005 | 0.027 | 1.00 | 11.050 | 0.001 | 0.041 | 0.912 |
Campus by Sex | 3.388 | 0.034 | 0.004 | 0.639 | 1.602 | 0.204 | 0.012 | 0.337 |
PA | ||||||||
Course (Cov) | 2.973 | 0.085 | 0.002 | 0.407 | ||||
Campus | 8.508 | 0.0005 | 0.010 | 0.967 | 0.101 | 0.904 | 0.001 | 0.065 |
Sex | 12.596 | 0.0005 | 0.007 | 0.944 | 4.882 | 0.028 | 0.018 | 0.595 |
Campus by Sex | 0.257 | 0.774 | 0.0005 | 0.091 | 0.077 | 0.926 | 0.001 | 0.062 |
WIPS | ||||||||
Course (Cov) | 6.122 | 0.013 | 0.004 | 0.696 | ||||
Campus | 1.086 | 0.338 | 0.001 | 0.242 | 0.301 | 0.740 | 0.002 | 0.098 |
Sex | 14.905 | 0.0005 | 0.009 | 0.971 | 9.980 | 0.002 | 0.037 | 0.882 |
Campus by Sex | 1.152 | 0.316 | 0.001 | 0.254 | 0.669 | 0.513 | 0.005 | 0.162 |
Campus | Sex | M (CC) | SD (CC) | M (PA) | SD (PA) | M (WIPS) | SD (WIPS) | M (E) | SD (E) | n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Santiago | Male | 44.53 | 7.321 | 60.32 | 6.705 | 10.98 | 2.899 | 115.83 | 12.439 | 53 |
Female | 45.64 | 7.733 | 62.11 | 8.674 | 11.75 | 2.531 | 119.49 | 15.453 | 75 | |
Total | 45.18 | 7.556 | 61.37 | 7.939 | 11.43 | 2.705 | 117.98 | 14.345 | 128 | |
Concepción | Male | 42.89 | 6.781 | 60.42 | 6.594 | 10.37 | 2.872 | 113.68 | 12.763 | 19 |
Female | 47.41 | 7.297 | 63.14 | 7.308 | 12.10 | 1.970 | 122.66 | 11.181 | 29 | |
Total | 45.62 | 7.371 | 62.06 | 7.090 | 11.42 | 2.491 | 119.10 | 12.511 | 48 | |
Viña del Mar | Male | 43.91 | 7.962 | 60.32 | 6.107 | 11.18 | 2.192 | 115.41 | 12.732 | 44 |
Female | 48.26 | 6.819 | 62.72 | 9.131 | 11.96 | 2.734 | 122.94 | 16.464 | 47 | |
Total | 46.15 | 7.669 | 61.56 | 7.867 | 11.58 | 2.504 | 119.30 | 15.176 | 91 | |
Total | Male | 44.03 | 7.448 | 60.34 | 6.409 | 10.96 | 2.639 | 115.32 | 12.515 | 116 |
Female | 46.79 | 7.424 | 62.50 | 8.534 | 11.88 | 2.490 | 121.17 | 15.069 | 151 | |
Total | 45.59 | 7.546 | 61.56 | 7.744 | 11.48 | 2.592 | 118.63 | 14.291 | 267 |
Variables | Variances of Groups | F | p | t | p | d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Empathy | Equal variances | 1.38 | 0.244 | −6.72 | 0.0005 | 0.44 |
CC | Equal variances | 4.087 | 0.043 | −5.39 | 0.0005 | 0.37 |
PA | Equal variances | 0.984 | 0.321 | −0.464 | 0.643 | 0.03 |
WIPS | Unequal variances | 14.44 | 0.0005 | −17.44 | 0.0005 | 0.39 |
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Díaz-Narváez, V.P.; Huberman-Casas, J.; Nakouzi-Momares, J.A.; Alarcón-Ureta, C.; Jaramillo-Cavieres, P.A.; Espinoza-Retamal, M.; Klahn-Acuña, B.P.; Epuyao-González, L.; Leiton Carvajal, G.; Padilla, M.; et al. Levels of Empathy in Students and Professors with Patients in a Faculty of Dentistry. Behav. Sci. 2024, 14, 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090817
Díaz-Narváez VP, Huberman-Casas J, Nakouzi-Momares JA, Alarcón-Ureta C, Jaramillo-Cavieres PA, Espinoza-Retamal M, Klahn-Acuña BP, Epuyao-González L, Leiton Carvajal G, Padilla M, et al. Levels of Empathy in Students and Professors with Patients in a Faculty of Dentistry. Behavioral Sciences. 2024; 14(9):817. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090817
Chicago/Turabian StyleDíaz-Narváez, Víctor P., Joyce Huberman-Casas, Jorge Andrés Nakouzi-Momares, Chris Alarcón-Ureta, Patricio Alberto Jaramillo-Cavieres, Maricarmen Espinoza-Retamal, Blanca Patricia Klahn-Acuña, Leonardo Epuyao-González, Gabriela Leiton Carvajal, Mariela Padilla, and et al. 2024. "Levels of Empathy in Students and Professors with Patients in a Faculty of Dentistry" Behavioral Sciences 14, no. 9: 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090817
APA StyleDíaz-Narváez, V. P., Huberman-Casas, J., Nakouzi-Momares, J. A., Alarcón-Ureta, C., Jaramillo-Cavieres, P. A., Espinoza-Retamal, M., Klahn-Acuña, B. P., Epuyao-González, L., Leiton Carvajal, G., Padilla, M., Vilca, L. W., Reyes-Reyes, A., & Reyes-Reyes, F. (2024). Levels of Empathy in Students and Professors with Patients in a Faculty of Dentistry. Behavioral Sciences, 14(9), 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090817