The Association of Caregivers’ Socio-Economic Conditions with Family Caregiving Norms: Evidence from China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Variables
2.3. Descriptive Statistics
2.4. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Definition |
---|---|
Perception of family caregiving norms (dummy) | Child(ren) should take care of their parents when they require long-term care. (1 = completely disagree, 2 = somewhat disagree, 3 = can’t say which, 4 = somewhat agree, 5 = completely agree) |
Rural (dummy) | 1 = living in a rural area, 0 = living in an urban area |
Female (dummy) | 1 = female, 0 = male |
Age | Age |
Age_squared | Age squared |
Years of education | Years of education |
Unemployed (dummy) | 1 = not employed, 0 = employed |
Married (dummy) | 1 = married, 0 = not married |
Number of siblings | Number of siblings |
Number of sons | Number of sons |
Number of daughters | Number of daughters |
Log of household income | Natural log of annual household income |
Log of household asset | Natural log of household financial assets |
Social security | The proportion of living expenses to cover using social security income after retirement |
Government dependency (dummy) | It is the government’s responsibility to take care of the elderly financially. (1 = completely agree/agree, 0 = can’t say which/somewhat disagree/completely disagree) |
Savings_retire (dummy) | 1 = have retirement savings, 0 = no savings |
Savings_ltc (dummy) | 1 = have savings for long-term care, 0 = no savings |
Inheritance from parents (dummy) | 1 = have received an inheritance or monetary transfer of more than CNY 100,000 from their parents, 0 = no inheritance |
Parents’ years of education | Average years of education of parents |
Caring for one parent (dummy) | 1 = either parent requires care, 0 = otherwise |
Caring for both parents (dummy) | 1 = both parents require care, 0 = otherwise |
Cross_fem&age squared | An interaction term between women and age squared |
Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variable | ||||
Perception of family caregiving norms | 4.1079 | 0.7421 | 0 | 5 |
Control Variables | ||||
Rural | 0.3555556 | 0.478871 | 0 | 1 |
Female | 0.497619 | 0.500193 | 0 | 1 |
Age | 43.62222 | 13.6757 | 20 | 74 |
Age_squared | 2089.775 | 1223.936 | 400 | 5476 |
Years of education | 10.31429 | 3.398774 | 0 | 18 |
Unemployed | 0.0222222 | 0.147464 | 0 | 1 |
Married | 0.8095238 | 0.392833 | 0 | 1 |
Number of siblings | 1.892063 | 1.584606 | 0 | 9 |
Number of sons | 0.6174603 | 0.64981 | 0 | 4 |
Number of daughters | 0.5087302 | 0.667469 | 0 | 4 |
Household income (CNY) | 16,75,795 | 12,500,000 | 10,000 | 1 × 108 |
Log of household income | 11.27634 | 1.124813 | 9.21034 | 18.42068 |
Household assets (CNY) | 8,093,490 | 27,100,000 | 0 | 1 × 108 |
Log of household assets | 10.16868 | 4.458747 | 0 | 18.42068 |
Social security | 0.238373 | 0.242197 | 0 | 0.95 |
Government dependency | 0.7738095 | 0.41853 | 0 | 1 |
Savings_retire | 0.3571429 | 0.479348 | 0 | 1 |
Savings_ltc | 0.2460317 | 0.430868 | 0 | 1 |
Inheritance from parents | 0.0777778 | 0.267928 | 0 | 1 |
Parents’ years of education | 6.50754 | 3.743692 | 0 | 16 |
Caring for one parent | 0.2063492 | 0.404845 | 0 | 1 |
Caring for both parents | 0.1095238 | 0.312419 | 0 | 1 |
Cross_fem&age squared | 1064.404 | 1372.756 | 0 | 5329 |
Observations | 1260 |
Perceptions of Family Caregiving Norms | Age | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Less than or Equal to 40 | 41–50 | 51–60 | Greater than 60 | ||
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
17.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 52.00% | 16.00% | |
2 | 12 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 23 |
2.09% | 2.44% | 0.81% | 1.55% | 1.83% | |
3 | 101 | 31 | 42 | 31 | 205 |
4 | 17.63% | 12.60% | 16.94% | 16.06% | 16.27% |
5 | 291 | 133 | 112 | 101 | 637 |
Total | 50.79% | 54.07% | 45.16% | 52.33% | 50.56% |
168 | 76 | 92 | 57 | 393 | |
F-statistics | F = 1.56 |
Perception of Family Caregiving Norm | Sex | Unemployed | Married | Area | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Yes | No | Yes | No | Rural | Urban | ||
1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
16.00% | 16.00% | 0.00% | 0.16% | 0.20% | 0.00% | 0.45% | 0.00% | 0.16% | |
2 | 12 | 11 | 0 | 23 | 19 | 4 | 14 | 9 | 23 |
1.90% | 1.75% | 0.00% | 1.87% | 1.86% | 1.67% | 3.13% | 1.11% | 1.83% | |
3 | 94 | 111 | 4 | 201 | 160 | 45 | 47 | 158 | 205 |
14.85% | 17.70% | 14.29% | 16.31% | 15.69% | 18.75% | 10.49% | 19.46% | 16.27% | |
4 | 317 | 320 | 12 | 625 | 509 | 128 | 204 | 433 | 637 |
50.08% | 51.04% | 42.86% | 50.73% | 49.90% | 53.33% | 45.54% | 53.33% | 50.56% | |
5 | 209 | 184 | 12 | 381 | 330 | 63 | 181 | 212 | 393 |
33.02% | 29.35% | 42.86% | 30.93% | 32.35% | 26.25% | 40.40% | 26.11% | 31.19% | |
Total | 633 | 627 | 28 | 1232 | 1020 | 240 | 448 | 812 | 1260 |
100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | |
Mean difference | t = 1.4947 | t = −1.2823 | t = −1.5385 | t = −4.1217 *** |
Variables | Dependent Variable: Perception of Family Caregiving Norm | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
Rural | 0.3084 *** | 0.2923 *** | 0.3033 *** | 0.2664 *** | 0.2173 ** |
(0.0825) | (0.0875) | (0.0874) | (0.0906) | (0.0955) | |
Female | −0.0410 | −0.0464 | −0.0417 | −0.0518 | −0.0561 |
(0.1238) | (0.1237) | (0.1242) | (0.1268) | (0.1268) | |
Age | 0.0049 | 0.0026 | 0.0036 | 0.0097 | 0.0051 |
(0.0187) | (0.0197) | (0.0197) | (0.0199) | (0.0201) | |
Age_squared | −0.0000 | 0.0000 | −0.0000 | −0.0001 | −0.0000 |
(0.0002) | (0.0002) | (0.0002) | (0.0002) | (0.0002) | |
Education years | 0.0043 | 0.0061 | 0.0059 | 0.0047 | 0.0096 |
(0.0125) | (0.0125) | (0.0125) | (0.0127) | (0.0136) | |
Unemployed | 0.3371 | 0.3389 | 0.3247 | 0.2976 | 0.3103 |
(0.2158) | (0.2160) | (0.2188) | (0.2335) | (0.2351) | |
Married | 0.0814 | 0.0596 | 0.0578 | 0.0919 | 0.0931 |
(0.0936) | (0.0951) | (0.0960) | (0.0990) | (0.0988) | |
Cross_fem&age squared | −0.0000 | −0.0000 | −0.0000 | −0.0000 | −0.0000 |
(0.0001) | (0.0001) | (0.0001) | (0.0001) | (0.0001) | |
Number of siblings | −0.0007 | 0.0007 | −0.0110 | −0.0116 | |
(0.0236) | (0.0236) | (0.0237) | (0.0237) | ||
Number of sons | 0.0434 | 0.0394 | 0.0410 | 0.0318 | |
(0.0612) | (0.0611) | (0.0615) | (0.0621) | ||
Number of daughters | 0.0557 | 0.0556 | 0.0410 | 0.0362 | |
(0.0575) | (0.0576) | (0.0579) | (0.0585) | ||
Log of household income | −0.0150 | −0.0131 | −0.0109 | ||
(0.0267) | (0.0266) | (0.0265) | |||
Log of household asset | 0.0148 * | 0.0136 * | 0.0127 | ||
(0.0078) | (0.0077) | (0.0077) | |||
Social security | −0.2531 * | −0.2490 * | |||
(0.1420) | (0.1427) | ||||
Government dependency | 0.6801 *** | 0.6802 *** | |||
(0.0800) | (0.0800) | ||||
Savings_retire | 0.0190 | 0.0199 | |||
(0.0834) | (0.0834) | ||||
Savings_ltc | 0.0481 | 0.0319 | |||
(0.0893) | (0.0899) | ||||
Parents inheritance | −0.1349 | ||||
(0.1169) | |||||
Parents education years | −0.0110 | ||||
(0.0122) | |||||
One parent care | 0.1936 * | ||||
(0.1152) | |||||
Both parent care | −0.1093 | ||||
(0.1510) | |||||
Observations | 1260 | 1260 | 1260 | 1260 | 1260 |
Adj R-squared | 0.0103 | 0.0107 | 0.0122 | 0.0446 | 0.0464 |
Log likelihood | −1355 | −1355 | −1353 | −1309 | −1306 |
Chi2 statistics | 26.11 | 28.12 | 35.23 | 125.1 | 131.6 |
p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Variables | Dependent Variable: Perception of Family Caregiving Norm | |
---|---|---|
Rural | Urban | |
Female | −0.2836 ** | −0.0768 |
(0.1160) | (0.0802) | |
Age | −0.0493 | 0.0229 |
(0.0353) | (0.0255) | |
Age_squared | 0.0006 | −0.0002 |
(0.0004) | (0.0003) | |
Education years | 0.0014 | 0.0221 |
(0.0215) | (0.0179) | |
Unemployed | 0.8345 * | 0.1673 |
(0.4690) | (0.2754) | |
Married | −0.0247 | 0.2246 * |
(0.1907) | (0.1226) | |
Number of siblings | 0.0028 | −0.0324 |
(0.0353) | (0.0329) | |
Number of sons | 0.0350 | −0.0177 |
(0.0960) | (0.0844) | |
Number of daughters | 0.1037 | −0.0678 |
(0.0903) | (0.0773) | |
Log of household income | −0.0230 | −0.0086 |
(0.0288) | (0.0790) | |
Log of household asset | 0.0229 ** | −0.0214 * |
(0.0095) | (0.0123) | |
Social security | −0.0262 | −0.3040 * |
(0.2759) | (0.1682) | |
Government dependency | 1.1986 *** | 0.4534 *** |
(0.1470) | (0.0932) | |
Savings_retire | 0.0010 | 0.0220 |
(0.1501) | (0.1051) | |
Savings_ltc | −0.0575 | 0.0671 |
(0.1830) | (0.1062) | |
Parents inheritance | −0.5302 | −0.0980 |
(0.4399) | (0.1239) | |
Parents education years | −0.0116 | −0.0162 |
(0.0207) | (0.0154) | |
One parent care | 0.5169 *** | 0.0102 |
(0.1866) | (0.1522) | |
Both parent care | −0.1918 | −0.0852 |
(0.2131) | (0.2279) | |
Observations | 448 | 812 |
Adj R-squared | 0.109 | 0.0259 |
Log likelihood | −436.5 | −833.9 |
Chi2 statistics | 104.4 | 45.50 |
p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Variables | Dependent Variable: Perception of Family Caregiving Norm | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | |
Female | Male | |||
Age | 0.0093 | −0.1440 *** | 0.0220 | 0.0348 |
(0.0491) | (0.0498) | (0.0348) | (0.0382) | |
Age_squared | −0.0001 | 0.0018 *** | −0.0003 | −0.0003 |
(0.0005) | (0.0006) | (0.0004) | (0.0004) | |
Education years | 0.0480 | −0.0567 * | 0.0452 * | −0.0081 |
(0.0301) | (0.0328) | (0.0268) | (0.0246) | |
Unemployed | 0.7094 | 4.6527 *** | 0.2120 | 0.2876 |
(0.6286) | (0.2899) | (0.3010) | (0.4318) | |
Married | −0.3472 | 0.1384 | 0.3276 ** | 0.1873 |
(0.3448) | (0.2611) | (0.1631) | (0.1877) | |
Number of siblings | 0.0187 | −0.0500 | −0.0378 | −0.0345 |
(0.0532) | (0.0500) | (0.0448) | (0.0507) | |
Number of sons | 0.1515 | 0.0208 | −0.0144 | −0.1033 |
(0.1419) | (0.1407) | (0.1203) | (0.1277) | |
Number of daughters | 0.0870 | 0.1003 | 0.0169 | −0.2057 |
(0.1263) | (0.1402) | (0.0977) | (0.1333) | |
Log of household income | −0.0088 | −0.0169 | −0.1429 | 0.0772 |
(0.0515) | (0.0393) | (0.1058) | (0.1219) | |
Log of household asset | 0.0294 ** | 0.0210 | −0.0025 | −0.0403 ** |
(0.0144) | (0.0135) | (0.0170) | (0.0183) | |
Social security | 0.0230 | 0.0863 | −0.4827 * | −0.1275 |
(0.4118) | (0.4160) | (0.2515) | (0.2268) | |
Government dependency | 1.1789 *** | 1.3444 *** | 0.4330 *** | 0.4708 *** |
(0.2466) | (0.2002) | (0.1369) | (0.1284) | |
Savings_retire | 0.0977 | −0.0711 | 0.0609 | −0.0150 |
(0.2006) | (0.2293) | (0.1483) | (0.1523) | |
Savings_ltc | −0.1846 | −0.0142 | 0.3258 ** | −0.2602 * |
(0.2330) | (0.2984) | (0.1494) | (0.1534) | |
Parents inheritance | 4.0923 *** | −0.5355 | −0.2867 * | 0.0275 |
(0.3752) | (0.4343) | (0.1578) | (0.1923) | |
Parents education years | −0.0262 | 0.0058 | −0.0201 | −0.0131 |
(0.0287) | (0.0318) | (0.0230) | (0.0212) | |
One parent care | 0.6797 ** | 0.4598 * | −0.0837 | 0.1045 |
(0.2895) | (0.2487) | (0.2210) | (0.2174) | |
Both parent care | −0.6800 ** | 0.3977 | 0.3466 | −0.6195 ** |
(0.3269) | (0.3187) | (0.3408) | (0.3032) | |
Observations | 225 | 223 | 402 | 410 |
Adj R-squared | 0.114 | 0.163 | 0.0457 | 0.0373 |
Log likelihood | −219.5 | −200.1 | −408.3 | −411.3 |
Chi2 statistics | 451.1 | 543.6 | 38.05 | 36 |
p-value | 0 | 0 | 0.00381 | 0.00706 |
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Kuramoto, Y.; Nabeshima, H.; Khan, M.S.R.; Kadoya, Y. The Association of Caregivers’ Socio-Economic Conditions with Family Caregiving Norms: Evidence from China. Behav. Sci. 2023, 13, 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13050362
Kuramoto Y, Nabeshima H, Khan MSR, Kadoya Y. The Association of Caregivers’ Socio-Economic Conditions with Family Caregiving Norms: Evidence from China. Behavioral Sciences. 2023; 13(5):362. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13050362
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuramoto, Yu, Honoka Nabeshima, Mostafa Saidur Rahim Khan, and Yoshihiko Kadoya. 2023. "The Association of Caregivers’ Socio-Economic Conditions with Family Caregiving Norms: Evidence from China" Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 5: 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13050362