Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Hazard Types on the Visual Search Patterns and Hazard Response Times of Taxi Drivers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Apparatus and Stimuli
2.2.1. Hazard Perception Test
2.2.2. The Sleep Quality Scale (SQS)
2.2.3. The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS)
2.2.4. The Gazepoint GP3 HD Eye Tracker
2.2.5. The Actiwatch-GT3X-BT
2.3. Experimental Design
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Questionnaire Results
3.2. Response Time and Eye Movement Indicators
3.2.1. Response Time
3.2.2. Time to First Fixation
3.2.3. First Fixation Duration
3.2.4. Total Fixation Duration
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Hazard Types and Sleep Deprivation on Response Time
4.2. Effect of Hazard Types and Sleep Deprivation on Eye Movement
5. Implications and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Clip No. | Hazard Types | Screenshots | Brief Description |
---|---|---|---|
1 | overt hazard | A pedestrian walked into the driving lane from the right side of the road | |
2 | overt hazard | A van parked on the roadside merged into the driving lane from the right without indicating | |
3 | overt hazard | A pedestrian walked across the driving lane from the right side | |
4 | overt hazard | A pedestrian walked into the driving lane from the right side of the road | |
5 | overt hazard | A pedestrian walked into the driving lane from the left side of the road | |
6 | overt hazard | In front of the camera car, a pedestrian in the driving lane walked toward the camera car | |
7 | overt hazard | In front of the camera car, a black car going in the opposite direction pulled into the left lane | |
8 | overt hazard | A motorcyclist was driving in the same lane in front of the camera car | |
9 | overt hazard | A pedestrian standing in the center of the driving lane was in front of the camera car | |
10 | covert hazard | A pedestrian behind the white car, which was going in the opposite direction, walked into the driving lane from the left side | |
11 | covert hazard | Under the overpass, a bus in the reverse lane entering the main lane from the left side was obscured by parked cars | |
12 | covert hazard | A large red van in the adjacent lane occluded a pedestrian walking across the road from the same side | |
13 | covert hazard | A vehicle parked on the right side of the road blocked a pedestrian going across the road | |
14 | covert hazard | A car going in the opposite direction blocked a pedestrian crossing the road from the left side | |
15 | covert hazard | A road maintenance crew was taking a road survey but the crew was obscured by the traffic ahead | |
16 | covert hazard | The motorcyclist entering the lane in the same direction from the other side of the road was obscured by the vehicle in front of the camera car | |
17 | covert hazard | A car stuck in a traffic jam in the adjacent lane was trying to merge into the driving lane and was blocked by cars behind it | |
18 | covert hazard | At the intersection ahead, the car going in the opposite direction on the left turned right but the camera car was blocked by a van traveling in the same direction near the lane |
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Variables | Control (n = 30) | Sleep Deprivation (n = 30) |
---|---|---|
Gender (Male/Female) | 25/5 | 22/8 |
Age (years) | 34.73 ± 11.31 | 37.60 ± 10.87 |
Driving experience (years) | 10.11 ± 10.22 | 11.25 ± 9.23 |
Driving frequency (per week) | 3.57 ± 1.15 | 3.56 ± 1.72 |
Traffic violations | 0.23 ± 0.43 | 0.67 ± 0.84 |
Traffic accidents | 0.17 ± 0.38 | 0.37 ± 0.49 |
Dependent Variables | Covert Hazard | Overt Hazard | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sleep-Deprived | Control | Sleep-Deprived | Control | |
Response time(s) | 2.27 ± 0.19 | 1.88 ± 0.30 | 0.99 ± 0.17 | 1.23 ± 0.15 |
Time to first fixation(s) | 1.53 ± 0.40 | 1.18 ± 0.26 | 0.95 ± 0.26 | 0.82 ± 0.20 |
First fixation duration(s) | 1.26 ± 0.28 | 1.33 ± 0.26 | 1.28 ± 0.35 | 0.92 ± 0.23 |
Total fixation duration(s) | 2.72 ± 0.18 | 2.50 ± 0.45 | 1.65 ± 0.18 | 1.08 ± 0.18 |
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Sun, L.; Zhang, M.; Qiu, Y.; Zhang, C. Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Hazard Types on the Visual Search Patterns and Hazard Response Times of Taxi Drivers. Behav. Sci. 2023, 13, 1005. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13121005
Sun L, Zhang M, Qiu Y, Zhang C. Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Hazard Types on the Visual Search Patterns and Hazard Response Times of Taxi Drivers. Behavioral Sciences. 2023; 13(12):1005. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13121005
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Long, Meiqi Zhang, Yuanbo Qiu, and Changlu Zhang. 2023. "Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Hazard Types on the Visual Search Patterns and Hazard Response Times of Taxi Drivers" Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 12: 1005. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13121005