Knowledge, Perception, and Attitudes during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Peruvian Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instrument: Knowledge, Perception, and Response Questionnaire against COVID-19
2.3. Ethical Statement
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Background Characteristics (Table 1)
Gender | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-Demographic Characteristics | Male (n = 91) | Female (n = 134) | p Value | All (n = 225) |
Age Group | % of Males | % of Females | % | |
<18 years | --- | 6–4.5% | 0.001 ** a | 6–2.7% |
18–24 years | 20–22.0% | 44–32.8% | 64–28.4% | |
25–29 years | 22–24.2% | 42–31.3% | 64–28.4% | |
30–34 years | 20–22.0% | 12–9.0% | 32–14.2% | |
35–39 years | 11–12.1% | 3–2.2% | 14–6.2% | |
40–60 years | 15–16.5% | 23–17.2% | 38–16.9% | |
>60 years | 3–3.3% | 4–3.0% | 7–3.1% | |
Educational level | ||||
High school | 4–4.4% | 8–6.0% | 0.496 | 12–5.3% |
technician | 11–12.1% | 9–6.7% | 20–8.9% | |
graduate | 60–65.9% | 96–71.6% | 156–69.3% | |
postgraduate | 16–17.6% | 21–15.7% | 37–16.4% | |
Marital Status | ||||
Single | 62–68.1% | 96–71.6% | 0.886 | 158–70.2% |
Married | 17–18.7% | 21–15.7% | 38–16.9% | |
cohabitating | 10–11.0% | 13–9.7% | 23–10.2% | |
Widower | --- | 1–0.7% | 1–0.4% | |
Divorced | 2–2.2% | 3–2.2% | 5–2.2% | |
Occupation | ||||
Student | 22–24.2% | 44–32.8% | 0.323 | 66–29.3% |
Professional b | 51–56% | 63–47.0% | 114–50.7% | |
Independent c | 18–19.8% | 27–20.1% | 45–20.0% |
3.2. Knowledge about Symptoms and Transmission Ways of COVID-19 Disease (Table 2)
What are the Most Frequent Symptoms of Coronavirus (COVID-19)? | Yes | No | I Don’t Know |
---|---|---|---|
1.- Fever | 94.7 a | 4.9 | 0.4 |
2.- Runny nose | 27.6 | 60.9 a | 11.6 |
3.- Sore throat | 81.8 a | 11.1 | 7.1 |
4.- Joint and muscle pain | 56.9 a | 31.6 | 11.6 |
5.- Shaking chills | 32.9 | 48 a | 19.1 |
6.- Shortness of breath/shortness of breath | 92 a | 4.9 | 3.1 |
7.- Diarrhea | 23.1 | 64.9 a | 12 |
8.- Fatigue | 62.2 a | 26.2 | 11.6 |
9.- Dry cough | 88.9 a | 7.1 | 4 |
10.- Nasal congestion | 21.3 | 66.2 a | 12.4 |
11.- Weightloss | 9.8 | 71.6 a | 18.7 |
12.- Stomach discomfort | 11.1 | 72.4 a | 16.4 |
13.- Difficulty to sleep | 16.4 | 62.7 a | 20.9 |
14.- The incubation period is 5–14 days | 86.2 a | 6.2 | 7.6 |
Which of the following situations are means of transmission/spread of coronavirus (COVID-19)? | |||
1.- Coughing or sneezing near people infected with the coronavirus (COVID-19) | 73.8 a | 23.6 | 2.7 |
2.- Go to areas/countries affected by a coronavirus (COVID-19) | 88.4 a | 9.3 | 2.2 |
3.- Touching objects or surfaces that have been in contact with someone who has the virus | 92 a | 4.9 | 3.1 |
4.- Shake hands with someone who has an active case of coronavirus (COVID-19) | 84.4 a | 9.8 | 5.8 |
5.- Being on the same plane with someone with coronavirus (COVID-19) | 73.3 a | 21.3 | 5.3 |
6.- Eating food prepared by someone infected or exposed to the coronavirus (COVID-19) | 64.9 a | 23.1 | 12 |
7.- Participate in blood transfusions | 16.9 | 59.1 a | 24 |
8.- By relating to people who were in a hospital or emergency room | 35.6 | 53.8 a | 10.7 |
9.- Relating to cases identified by doctors | 78.2 a | 15.1 | 6.7 |
10.- For relating to cases identified during evaluations at the entry point to my country | 70.2 a | 17.8 | 12 |
3.3. The Severity of COVID-19 and Prevention Measures (Table 3)
Severity of the Coronavirus (COVID-19). The Coronavirus: | Agree | Not Sure/Maybe | Disagree | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.- It can be cured | 61.8 a | ----- | 38.2 | ||||
2.- It is highly contagious | 91.6 a | ----- | 8.4 | ||||
3.- The coronavirus mortality rate is worse than influenza or tuberculosis | 23.6 | ----- | 76.4 a | ||||
4.- COVID-19 causes permanent physical damage to patients | 24.9 | ----- | 75.1 a | ||||
5.- You have symptoms similar to common flu and influenza | 84.4 a | ----- | 15.6 | ||||
6.- My community/country does not have a coronavirus vaccine | 73.8 a | ----- | 26.2 | ||||
7.- My community/country does not have adequate medicine or treatment for the disease | 48.9 | ----- | 51.1 | ||||
8.- Hospitals in my community/country have not taken adequate infection control measures | 38.7 | ----- | 61.3 a | ||||
9.- Coronavirus impact is worse compared to influenza or common flu | 76 a | ----- | 24 | ||||
10.- The authorities of my country are prepared to face the disease | 23.1 | ----- | 76.9 a | ||||
11.- The response of the health authorities of my country/community is effective | 37.3 | ----- | 62.7 a | ||||
Knowledge about contagion prevention/precaution measures | |||||||
1.- Washing hands vigorously (soap/water) for 20 s helps prevent/transmit disease | 98.2 a | ----- | 1.8 | ||||
2.- Special care should be taken if a person has coronavirus (COVID-19) symptoms in my community. | 96.9 a | ----- | 3.1 | ||||
3.- Personal hygiene | 97.3 a | ----- | 2.7 | ||||
4.- Healthy lifestyle | 86.7 a | ----- | 13.3 | ||||
5.- Daily temperature monitoring | 57.8 a | ----- | 42.2 | ||||
6.- Avoid traveling abroad. | 90.2 a | ----- | 9.8 | ||||
7.- Use of mask | 59.1 a | ----- | 40.9 | ||||
8.- Clean environment | 90.7 a | ----- | 9.3 | ||||
9.- Stay home if it’s not okay | 88.4 a | ----- | 11.6 | ||||
10.- Seek medical attention if not okay | 91.1 a | ----- | 8.9 | ||||
11.- Avoid crowded places | 98.7 a | ----- | 1.3 | ||||
12.- Separation/isolation of patients with coronavirus (COVID-19) | 97.3 a | ----- | 2.7 | ||||
13.- Sending passengers with coronavirus symptoms (COVID-19) to a hospital or referral center for examination | 77.3 a | ----- | 22.7 | ||||
14.- You used a disinfectant at home or work. | 89.8 a | ----- | 10.2 | ||||
15.- Check symptoms on websites | 50.2 | ----- | 49.8 | ||||
16.- Wore something to clean objects that may have come in contact with someone with coronavirus (COVID-19) | 80.9 a | ----- | 19.1 | ||||
17.- Avoid Asian restaurants or shops | 52.4 | ----- | 47.6 | ||||
18.- Cancel appointments in hospitals or doctor’s offices | 52.4 | ----- | 47.6 | ||||
19.- Avoid public transportation | 87.6 a | ----- | 12.4 | ||||
20.- Antibiotics are the first-line treatment for the management of coronavirus (COVID-19) | 24.9 | ----- | 75.1 a | ||||
21.- Preparation of raw meats and other foods with different knives | 23.1 | ----- | 76.9 a |
3.4. Perceived Susceptibility to COVID-19 (Table 4)
Perception and Perceived Susceptibility or Response | Yes | No | I don’t Know |
---|---|---|---|
1.- Do you think there is a stigma related to the coronavirus (COVID-19) | 59.1 a | 24 | 16.9 |
2.- Thinking that I could become infected with coronavirus (COVID-19) makes me nervous/anxious | 52 a | 42.7 | 5.3 |
3.- Nothing I do can stop the risk of catching me | 12.9 | 72.4 a | 14.7 |
4.- If I contract the coronavirus (COVID-19), it will have serious consequences for me or my relatives | 74.2 a | 17.3 | 8.4 |
5.- I get upset when I think about the coronavirus (COVID-19) | 17.8 | 76 a | 6.2 |
6.- Coronavirus (COVID-19) problems will pass quickly | 18.7 | 45.8 a | 35.6 |
Are you afraid of: | |||
1.- Fear of being in contact with people with flu symptoms (e.g., cough, runny nose, sneezing, fever) | 59.6 a | 32 | 8.4 |
2.- Fear of eating out (for example, street vendor centers, food courts) | 64 a | 32 | 4 |
3.- Fear of being in contact with people who have just returned from abroad | 70.2 a | 22.7 | 7.1 |
4.- Fear of visiting hospitals | 63.1 a | 32.4 | 4.4 |
Perceived susceptibility to coronavirus infection (COVID-19), Evaluate the possibility of contracting the disease: | Very likely | Probable | Unlikely |
1.- Oneself | 12.4 | 60.9 a | 26.7 |
2.- My relatives | 18.7 | 68.9 a | 12.4 |
3.- People over 60 years | 70.2 a | 25.8 | 4 |
4.- Adults | 33.3 | 61.8 a | 4.9 |
5.- Children | 23.6 | 56.4 a | 20 |
6.- Medical services personnel | 74.7 a | 22.2 | 3.1 |
7.- Food vendors | 48.4 | 47.6 | 4 |
8.- Food handlers | 44.9 | 49.8 a | 5.3 |
9.- General public | 37.3 | 59.6 a | 3.1 |
10.- Taxi drivers | 54.7 | 41.3 | 4 |
Where are people likely to get coronavirus (COVID-19)? | |||
1.- Home | 16.9 | 68.4 a | 14.7 |
2.- Health institutions | 45.8 a | 40.9 | 13.3 |
3.- Public transport | 42.2 | 43.6 a | 14.2 |
4.- Markets or shops | 19.1 | 53.8 a | 27.1 |
5.- Countries affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) | 4 | 39.6 | 56.4 a |
What do you think the percentage of: | High | Middle | Low |
1.- Efficacy of treatments for coronavirus (COVID-19) | 57.3 a | 36 | 6.7 |
2.- Likelihood of having a major outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) from person to person in my community | 71.6 a | 21.8 | 6.7 |
3.- Concern that you or your family members will get the virus | 59.1 a | 36.4 | 4.4 |
4.- Having effective medications or remedies available | 75.6 a | 15.6 | 8.9 |
3.5. Multivariate Analysis and Influence of Sociodemographics in Knowledge, Perception, and Attitudes to COVID-19 (Table 5 and Table 6)
Statistics R2 | SEE | F | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge | 0.098 | 1.904 | 4.734 | 0.000 ** |
Transmission | 0.031 | 1.542 | 1.418 | 0.219 |
Severity | 0.037 | 1.325 | 1.693 | 0.137 |
Perception | 0.051 | 4.605 | 2.344 | 0.042 * |
Prevention | 0.039 | 2.161 | 1774 | 0.119 |
Attitude | 0.015 | 1.721 | 0.658 | 0.656 |
Variables | Education | Occupation | Age | Gender | Marital Status | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge | Coefficient β | 0.419 | −0.627 | 0.032 | −0.225 | −0.038 |
p value | 0.031 * | 0.002 * | 0.016 * | 0.394 | 0.817 | |
Transmission | Coefficient β | 0.241 | −0.169 | 0.008 | −0.124 | −0.14 |
p value | 0.125 | 0.296 | 0.47 | 0.561 | 0.29 | |
Severity | Coefficient β | 0.23 | 0.168 | 1.00 × 10−3 | −0.134 | −0.212 |
p value | 0.089 | 0.225 | 0.888 | 0.466 | 0.063 | |
Perception | Coefficient β | −0.14 | 1.023 | 1.10 × 10−2 | 0.471 | 0.554 |
p value | 0.764 | 0.034 | 0.741 | 0.46 | 0.161 | |
Prevention | Coefficient β | 0.273 | 0.062 | 2.10 × 10−2 | 0.37 | −0.363 |
p value | 0.215 | 0.782 | 0.155 | 0.216 | 0.051 | |
Attitude | Coefficient β | −0.153 | 0.219 | −3.06 × 10−5 | −0.133 | 0.012 |
p value | 0.381 | 0.224 | 0.998 | 0.575 | 0.934 |
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Shereen, M.A.; Khan, S.; Kazmi, A.; Bashir, N.; Siddique, R. COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. J. Adv. Res. 2020, 24, 91–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sohrabi, C.; Alsafi, Z.; O’Neill, N.; Khan, M.; Kerwan, A.; Al-Jabir, A.; Iosifidis, C.; Agha, R. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int. J. Surg. Lond. Engl. 2020, 76, 71–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Suganthan, N. COVID-19. Jaffna Med. J. 2019, 31, 3. Available online: https://jmj.sljol.info/articles/10.4038/jmj.v31i2.72 (accessed on 14 September 2023). [CrossRef]
- Petrosillo, N.; Viceconte, G.; Ergonul, O.; Ippolito, G.; Petersen, E. COVID-19, SARS and MERS: Are they closely related? Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Off. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2020, 26, 729–734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Reports. 2019. Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports (accessed on 14 September 2023).
- Roy, D.; Tripathy, S.; Kar, S.K.; Sharma, N.; Verma, S.K.; Kaushal, V. Study of Knowledge, Attitude, Anxiety & Perceived Mental Healthcare Need in Indian Population during COVID-19 Pandemic. Asian J. Psychiatry 2020, 51, 102083. [Google Scholar]
- Rabaan, A.A.; Bazzi, A.M.; Al-Ahmed, S.H.; Al-Ghaith, M.H.; Al-Tawfiq, J.A. Overview of Zika infection, epidemiology, transmission and control measures. J. Infect. Public Health 2017, 10, 141–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bewick, S.; Fagan, W.; Calabrese, J.; Agusto, F. Zika Virus: Endemic Versus Epidemic Dynamics and Implications for Disease Spread in the Americas. Bioxriv 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Musso, D.; Cao-Lormeau, V.M.; Gubler, D.J. Zika virus: Following the path of dengue and chikungunya? Lancet Lond. Engl. 2015, 386, 243–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corrin, T.; Waddell, L.; Greig, J.; Young, I.; Hierlihy, C.; Mascarenhas, M. Risk Perceptions, Attitudes, and Knowledge of Chikungunya among the Public and Health Professionals: A Systematic Review. Trop. Med. Health 2017, 45, 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Prensa, N. Plataforma Digital del Estado Peruano. Poder Ejecutivo Aprueba Plan de Acción Para Enfrentar Emergencia Sanitaria por COVID-19. 2020. Available online: https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minsa/noticias/108929-poder-ejecutivo-aprueba-plan-de-accion-para-enfrentar-emergencia-sanitaria-por-covid-19 (accessed on 14 September 2023).
- Zhong, B.L.; Luo, W.; Li, H.M.; Zhang, Q.Q.; Liu, X.G.; Li, W.T.; Li, Y. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese Residents during the Rapid Rise Period of the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Quick Online Cross-Sectional Survey. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2020, 16, 1745–1752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wong, L.P.; Sam, I.C. Knowledge and Attitudes in Regard to Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) in a Multiethnic Community of Malaysia. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2011, 18, 112–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Janjua, N.Z.; Razaq, M.; Chandir, S.; Rozi, S.; Mahmood, B. Poor knowledge—Predictor of nonadherence to universal precautions for blood borne pathogens at first level care facilities in Pakistan. BMC Infect. Dis. 2007, 7, 81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lau, J.T.F.; Kim, J.H.; Tsui, H.; Griffiths, S. Perceptions related to human avian influenza and their associations with anticipated psychological and behavioral responses at the onset of outbreak in the Hong Kong Chinese general population. Am. J. Infect. Control 2007, 35, 38–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Smith, R.D. Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management. Soc. Sci. Med. 2006, 63, 3113–3123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salazar-Fernández, C.; Baeza-Rivera, M.J.; Salinas-Oñate, N.; Manríquez-Robles, D. Should we take care of each other? Enhancing COVID-19 protective behaviors, a study in Chile, Mexico, and Colombia. J. Pac. Rim Psychol. 2023, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brooks, S.K.; Webster, R.K.; Smith, L.E.; Woodland, L.; Wessely, S.; Greenberg, N.; Rubin, G.J. The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence. Lancet 2020, 395, 912–920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Davis, M.; Stephenson, N.; Flowers, P. Compliant, complacent or panicked? Investigating the problematisation of the Australian general public in pandemic influenza control. Soc. Sci. Med. 2011, 72, 912–918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ilesanmi, O.; Alele, F.O. Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Ebola Virus Disease among Secondary School Students in Ondo State, Nigeria, October, 2014. PLoS Curr. 2016, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deurenberg-Yap, M.; Foo, L.L.; Low, Y.Y.; Chan, S.P.; Vijaya, K.; Lee, M. The Singaporean response to the SARS outbreak: Knowledge sufficiency versus public trust. Health Promot. Int. 2005, 20, 320–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montero, I.; León, O.G. A Guide for Naming Research Studies in Psychology. Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. 2007, 7, 847–862. [Google Scholar]
- Blendon, R.J.; Benson, J.M.; DesRoches, C.M.; Raleigh, E.; Taylor-Clark, K. The public’s response to severe acute respiratory syndrome in Toronto and the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am. 2004, 38, 925–931. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lau, J.T.F.; Yang, X.; Pang, E.; Tsui, H.Y.; Wong, E.; Wing, Y.K. SARS-related perceptions in Hong Kong. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2005, 11, 417–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lau, J.T.F.; Yang, X.; Tsui, H.; Kim, J.H. Monitoring community responses to the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: From day 10 to day 62. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2003, 57, 864–870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lau, J.T.; Kim, J.H.; Tsui, H.Y.; Griffiths, S. Anticipated and current preventive behaviors in response to an anticipated human-to-human H5N1 epidemic in the Hong Kong Chinese general population. BMC Infect. Dis. 2007, 7, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Di Giuseppe, G.; Abbate, R.; Albano, L.; Marinelli, P.; Angelillo, I.F. A survey of knowledge, attitudes and practices towards avian influenza in an adult population of Italy. BMC Infect. Dis. 2008, 8, 36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abbag, H.F.; El-Mekki, A.A.; Al Bshabshe, A.A.A.; Mahfouz, A.A.; Al-Dosry, A.A.; Mirdad, R.T.; AlKhttabi, N.F.; Abbag, L.F. Knowledge and Attitude towards the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus among healthcare personnel in the southern region of Saudi Arabia. J. Infect. Public. Health 2018, 11, 720–722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- WHO Coronavirus. 2020. Available online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus (accessed on 14 September 2023).
- Faul, F.; Erdfelder, E.; Lang, A.G.; Buchner, A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Methods 2007, 39, 175–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zegarra-Valdivia, J.A.; Chino-Vilca, B.; Ames-Guerrero, R. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perception Susceptibility towards the COVID-19 Pandemic in Latin American Region. Med. Res. Arch. 2022, 10. Available online: https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2728 (accessed on 14 September 2023). [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization. Clinical Management of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection When Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infection Is Suspected: Interim Guidance; Report No.: WHO/nCoV/Clinical/2020.3; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Gu, J.; Korteweg, C. Pathology and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am. J. Pathol. 2007, 170, 1136–1147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bali, S.; Stewart, K.A.; Pate, M.A. Long Shadow of Fear in an Epidemic: Fearonomic Effects of Ebola on the Private Sector in Nigeria. BMJ Glob. Health 2016, 1, e000111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vilca, L.W.; Chávez, B.V.; Fernández, Y.S.; Caycho-Rodríguez, T.; White, M. Impact of the fear of catching COVID-19 on mental health in undergraduate students: A Predictive Model for anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Curr. Psychol. 2023, 42, 13231–13238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Adhikari, S.P.; Meng, S.; Wu, Y.J.; Mao, Y.P.; Ye, R.X.; Wang, Q.Z.; Sun, C.; Sylvia, S.; Rozelle, S.; Raat, H.; et al. Epidemiology, Causes, Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis, Prevention and Control of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) during the Early Outbreak Period: A Scoping Review. Infect. Dis. Poverty 2020, 9, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mao, Y.; Lin, W.; Wen, J.; Chen, G. Clinical and Pathological Characteristics of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Systematic Review 2020. Available online: https://europepmc.org/article/PPR/PPR114703 (accessed on 14 September 2023).
- Sun, P.; Lu, X.; Xu, C.; Sun, W.; Pan, B. Understanding of COVID-19 based on current evidence. J. Med. Virol. 2020, 92, 548–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sim, K.; Huak Chan, Y.; Chong, P.N.; Chua, H.C.; Wen Soon, S. Psychosocial and coping responses within the community health care setting towards a national outbreak of an infectious disease. J. Psychosom. Res. 2010, 68, 195–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, Y.; Zhao, N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 288, 112954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grein, T.W.; Kamara, K.B.; Rodier, G.; Plant, A.J.; Bovier, P.; Ryan, M.J.; Ohyama, T.; Heymann, D.L. Rumors of disease in the global village: Outbreak verification. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2000, 6, 97–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salazar-Fernández, C.; Baeza-Rivera, M.J.; Manríquez-Robles, D.; Salinas-Oñate, N.; Sallam, M. From Conspiracy to Hesitancy: The Longitudinal Impact of COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Theories on Perceived Vaccine Effectiveness. Vaccines 2023, 11, 1150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caycho-Rodríguez, T.; Tomás, J.M.; Yupanqui-Lorenzo, D.E.; Valencia, P.D.; Carbajal-León, C.; Vilca, L.W.; Ventura-León, J.; Paredes-Angeles, R.; Gallegos, W.L.A.; Reyes-Bossio, M.; et al. Relationship between Fear of COVID-19, Conspiracy Beliefs about Vaccines and Intention to Vaccinate against COVID-19: A Cross-National Indirect Effect Model in 13 Latin American Countries. Eval. Health Prof. 2023, 01632787231186621. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10345832/ (accessed on 18 September 2023).
- Gallegos, M.; Martino, P.; Razumovskiy, A.; Portillo, N.; Calandra, M.; Caycho-Rodríguez, T.; Cervigni, M. Síndrome Post COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe: Un Llamado de Atención. Rev. Médica Rosario 2022, 88, 114–118. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Y.; Ma, Z.F. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Quality of Life among Local Residents in Liaoning Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2020, 17, 2381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, C.; Pan, R.; Wan, X.; Tan, Y.; Xu, L.; Ho, C.S.; Ho, R.C. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caycho-Rodríguez, T.; Tomás, J.M.; Vilca, L.W.; Carbajal-León, C.; Cervigni, M.; Gallegos, M.; Martino, P.; Barés, I.; Calandra, M.; Anacona, C.A.R.; et al. Socio-Demographic Variables, Fear of COVID-19, Anxiety, and Depression: Prevalence, Relationships and Explanatory Model in the General Population of Seven Latin American Countries. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 695989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zegarra-Valdivia, J.A.; Chino Vilca, B.N.; Ames Guerrero, R.J.; Paredes-Manrique, C. Knowledge, Perception, and Attitudes during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Peruvian Population. Behav. Sci. 2023, 13, 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13100807
Zegarra-Valdivia JA, Chino Vilca BN, Ames Guerrero RJ, Paredes-Manrique C. Knowledge, Perception, and Attitudes during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Peruvian Population. Behavioral Sciences. 2023; 13(10):807. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13100807
Chicago/Turabian StyleZegarra-Valdivia, Jonathan Adrián, Brenda Nadia Chino Vilca, Rita Judith Ames Guerrero, and Carmen Paredes-Manrique. 2023. "Knowledge, Perception, and Attitudes during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Peruvian Population" Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 10: 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13100807