Extra-Linguistic Cognitive Functions Involved in the Token Test: Results from a Cohort of Non-Aphasic Stroke Patients with Right Hemisphere Lesion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Evaluation Tools
- Executive Functioning: this part is composed of three tests: (a) an alternation task adapted from the trail-making B task, (b) phonemic fluency, and (c) verbal abstraction task;
- Attention: this part is composed of three tests: (a) serial backward subtraction, (b) letter detection by tapping, and (c) forward/backward digit span task;
- Language: this part is composed of two tests: (a) naming of three images of low-familiarity animals and (b) repetition of two syntactically complex sentences;
- Visuospatial: this part is composed of two tests: (a) three-dimension cube copy and (b) clock drawing task;
- Orientation: this part is composed of one task in which the patient is asked to answer specific questions over time and place;
- Memory: this part is composed of a single memory test composed of delayed recall of five nouns after approximately five minutes from a learning trial.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Median [IQR] Count (%) |
---|---|
Age (years) | 73.5 ± 13.9 |
Sex (female) | 14 (37.8%) |
Education (years) | 10 [7] |
Stroke etiology | |
Ischemic | 22 (59.5%) |
Hemorrhagic | 15 (40.5%) |
Lesion location | |
Subcortical | 14 (37.8%) |
Lobar | 16 (43.2%) |
Other | 7 (18.9%) |
NIHSS score | 7.0 ± 4.6 |
Variables | Mean ± SD Median [IQR] | Range Min, Max |
---|---|---|
FDS corrected score | 5.7 ± 1.1 | 3.5, 7.9 |
BDS corrected score | 4.0 ± 1.2 | 1.8, 7.1 |
MoCA corrected score | 19.5 ± 3.8 | 10.6, 26.6 |
Visuospatial | 2.2 [1.6] | −0.3, 15.9 |
Attention | 4.8 [2.1] | 1, 6.2 |
Language | 4.3 [1.7] | 1.8, 5.7 |
Executive | 2.3 [1.3] | 1.0, 7.9 |
Memory | 1.6 [1.9] | −0.7, 4.8 |
Orientation | 5.0 [1.7] | 0.2, 6.1 |
Median [IQR] | FDS Corrected Score | BDS Corrected Score | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p-Value | r | p-Value | ||
TT subpart I | 0 [0] | −0.064 | 0.712 | 0.181 | 0.290 |
TT subpart II | 0 [1] | −0.210 | 0.219 | −0.066 | 0.702 |
TT subpart III | 0 [2] | −0.219 | 0.200 | −0.296 | 0.080 |
TT subpart IV | 1 [4] | −0.394 | 0.017 | 0.010 | 0.954 |
TT subpart V | 2 [5] | −0.408 | 0.013 | −0.371 | 0.026 |
Visuospatial | Attention | Language | Executive Functioning | Memory | Orientation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p-Value | r | p-Value | r | p-Value | r | p-Value | r | p-Value | r | p-Value | |
TT sub I | 0.234 | 0.182 | 0.059 | 0.741 | 0.023 | 0.899 | 0.007 | 0.968 | −0.082 | 0.645 | −0.141 | 0.428 |
TT sub II | 0.048 | 0.788 | −0.118 | 0.508 | −0.282 | 0.106 | −0.228 | 0.195 | −0.060 | 0.738 | −0.133 | 0.454 |
TT sub III | 0.025 | 0.889 | −0.231 | 0.189 | −0.101 | 0.571 | −0.299 | 0.086 | −0.132 | 0.455 | −0.504 | 0.002 |
TT sub IV | 0.110 | 0.535 | −0.241 | 0.169 | −0.089 | 0.617 | −0.121 | 0.494 | −0.060 | 0.738 | −0.006 | 0.975 |
TT sub V | −0.170 | 0.337 | −0.284 | 0.104 | −0.231 | 0.188 | −0.468 | 0.007 | −0.032 | 0.856 | −0.499 | 0.003 |
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Basagni, B.; Pancani, S.; Pellicciari, L.; Gemignani, P.; Salvadori, E.; Marignani, S.; Grippo, A.; Hakiki, B.; Mannini, A.; Bardi, D.; et al. Extra-Linguistic Cognitive Functions Involved in the Token Test: Results from a Cohort of Non-Aphasic Stroke Patients with Right Hemisphere Lesion. Behav. Sci. 2022, 12, 494. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120494
Basagni B, Pancani S, Pellicciari L, Gemignani P, Salvadori E, Marignani S, Grippo A, Hakiki B, Mannini A, Bardi D, et al. Extra-Linguistic Cognitive Functions Involved in the Token Test: Results from a Cohort of Non-Aphasic Stroke Patients with Right Hemisphere Lesion. Behavioral Sciences. 2022; 12(12):494. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120494
Chicago/Turabian StyleBasagni, Benedetta, Silvia Pancani, Leonardo Pellicciari, Paola Gemignani, Emilia Salvadori, Sara Marignani, Antonello Grippo, Bahia Hakiki, Andrea Mannini, Donata Bardi, and et al. 2022. "Extra-Linguistic Cognitive Functions Involved in the Token Test: Results from a Cohort of Non-Aphasic Stroke Patients with Right Hemisphere Lesion" Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 12: 494. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12120494