A 24-Year Analysis of Percutaneous Renal Biopsy Trends in Australia

Background: Small renal masses (SRMs) are increasingly prevalent. Percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) is usually reserved for diagnosis of benign renal disease or secondary metastatic disease. SRMs are frequently benign or of low malignant potential. Invasive treatment may result in significant morbidity. Current literature supports the use of PRB in diagnostic assessment of SRMs. We aim to assess the rates of PRB in Australia since its introduction in the Medicare Benefits Scheme (MBS). Methods: Data regarding PRBs for the period between January 2000 and December 2024 were extracted from the MBS. Paediatric patients aged < 15 years were excluded. Population-adjusted incidences were calculated using publicly available demographic data. Results: A total of 31,870 PRBs were performed between 2000 and 2024, with an average year-on-year increase of 0.24 PRBs per 100,000 persons per year (95% CI: 0.21–0.27) and an absolute increase of 4.9 PRBs per 100,000 persons. Males had higher PRB rates than females (mean difference: 2.73 per 100,000/year). The largest rise was in NSW, increasing by 13.6 per 100,000, with similar increases in VIC and QLD (4.9 and 2.8 per 100,000, respectively). SA, TAS, and ACT experienced significant reductions (5.7, 3.5, and 6.0 per 100,000, respectively). There was significant inter-state heterogeneity (p < 0.001). PRB rates were highest among the 55–74 and ≥75 age groups. The PRB:nephrectomy ratio increased significantly (0.02/year; 95% CI: 0.016–0.024). Conclusions: The consensus supporting PRBs for SRMs is reflected in Australia. However, there remains significant heterogeneity between demographic groups. Further work is necessary to ensure standard-of-care treatment accessibility to prevent overtreatment.