A PLL-Based Doppler Method Using an SDR-Receiver for Investigation of Seismogenic and Man-Made Disturbances in the Ionosphere
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Hardware-Software Complex for Doppler Sounding of the Ionosphere
2.1. The Doppler Receiver
2.2. Measuring Doppler Frequencies in Multipath Conditions
2.3. Registration of Short-Term Ionospheric Bursts in the Records of Doppler Frequency
3. Response of the Ionosphere in the Doppler Frequency Shift to Disturbances of Seismogenic Origin
3.1. The Ionospheric Response in the Doppler Frequency Shift to the M7.8 Earthquake in Nepal on 25 April 2015
3.1.1. Determination of the Arrival Time of the Rayleigh Wave to the Sub-Ionospheric Point and the Reflection Height of the Sounding Radio Wave
3.1.2. The Propagation Time of Infrasonic Waves to the Reflection Point of the Sounding Radio Wave
4. The Doppler Observations of Pre-Seismic Disturbances in the Ionosphere before the M7.8 Earthquakes
Short-Term Doppler Bursts before and during the M7.8 Earthquake in Nepal on 25 April 2015
5. The Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling
5.1. Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling on Example of the M4.2 Earthquake on 30 December 2017
5.2. Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling on Example of Underground Nuclear Explosion
6. A Simple Formula for Estimating the Profile of an Acoustic Pulse Velocity by the Doppler Shift of the Frequency of Sounding Radio Wave
7. Conclusions
- Application of an SDR receiver using the digital technology of Software-Defined Radio in the Doppler installation ensured the high characteristics of the radio receiving tract.
- The use of the PLL system permitted to carry out the continuous measurement of Doppler frequency and to measure the Doppler frequency shift of larger-amplitude beam under multipath conditions; this is an evident advantage of the considered method.
- With an optimal choice of the PLL hold band, it was achieved an accuracy of ⩽0.01 Hz in the measurement of Doppler frequency shift, which is 1.5–2 orders of magnitude below the background variations of Doppler frequency in the F-region of the ionosphere.
- A modification of the Doppler installation was made for the registration of short-term ionization bursts in the ionosphere. For this purpose, two additional blocks were included into the functional scheme of the Doppler installation: the high-pass filter and DC amplifier, a separate channel of signal digitization was organized, and a special program was developed for operation of the data obtained.
- The co-seismic effects, which arose as a result of the penetration into the ionosphere of the acoustic waves caused by propagation of Rayleigh wave, were detected by the Doppler ionosonde at a distance of 1732 km from the epicenter of Nepal earthquake, and at 1591 km from the epicenter of the earthquake in Turkey.
- Pre-seismic effects, as noticeable increase in the intensity of Doppler bursts reflecting the disturbance state of the ionosphere, were registered one day before the earthquake in Nepal, as well as 90 min prior to the main shock. The intensity of Doppler bursts had a constant rising trend, and its maximum was achieved 40 min after the earthquake.
- A pre-seismic effect in the ionosphere, as noticeable increase of the Doppler frequency shift, was detected in the records of Doppler frequency 8 and 3 days before the earthquake in Turkey, and the maximum value of Doppler frequency was achieved on the day of the earthquake.
- A channel of geophysical interaction in the system of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling was traced, when 7 days before a M4.2 earthquake the disturbances in the ionosphere were detected simultaneously with an intensity increase of the flux of gamma-rays both in the borehole, under the surface of the ground, and in the ground-level atmosphere, which resulted in the ionization of the ground-level atmosphere.
- The concept of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling, where the key role is assigned to the ionization of the atmospheric boundary layer, found confirmation in an retrospective analysis of the records of Doppler frequency shift of ionospheric signal made during the underground nuclear explosions at the Semipalatinsk test site in the late 1980s. It was established, that after nuclear explosion the Doppler ionosonde registered first the distinct penetration signature of an acoustic wave into the ionosphere, then a disturbance in the ionosphere coinciding with the rise of radioactivity in the atmospheric boundary layer.
- A simple formula for reconstructing the velocity profile of an acoustic pulse from Dopplerogram was obtained, which depends on only two parameters, one of which has the dimension of length, and the other the dimension of time. The article presents the reconstructed profiles of the acoustic pulses from the two underground nuclear explosions, on 17 December 1988 and 19 October 1989, which have reached the reflection points of sounding radio wave in the ionosphere.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Transmitter Point | Geographic Coordinates | Length of the Radio Path, km | Frequency, kHz | Power of the Transmitter, kW |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kuwait | 29.51306° N, 47.67306° E | 3010 | 5860 | 250 |
Urumqi (China) | 44.15944° N, 86.89917° E | 808 | 5960/9560 | 100 |
Dushanbe-orzu (Tajikistan) | 37.53778° N, 68.79389° E | 908 | 7245 | 100 |
Beijing (China) | 39.74750° N, 116.81361° E | 3326 | 7210/7215 | 500 |
Kashi-Saibagh (China) | 39.36444° N, 75.71611° E | 423 | 7205 | 100 |
Kujang (DPRK) | 40.07833° N, 126.10861° E | 4056 | 7570 | 200 |
Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty (Kazakhstan) | 43.17594° N, 76.95342° E | 13.2 | 2963/5121 | 0.3 |
Point | Geographic Coordinates | Epicenter Distance, km | Arrival Time of the Rayleigh Wave, s | The Rayleigh Wave Propagation Speed, km/s |
---|---|---|---|---|
KNDC (Almaty) | 43.21710° N, 76.96710° E | 1796 | 642 | 2.797 |
MAKZ (Makanchi) | 46.80800° N, 81.97700° E | 2069 | 752 | 2.742 |
MK31 (Makanchi) | 46.79370° N, 82.29040° E | 2066 | 750 | 2.754 |
KKAR (Karatau) | 43.10340° N, 70.51150° E | 2087 | 774 | 2.706 |
sub-ionospheric point | 43.67529° N, 81.72963° E | 1732 | 630.5 1 | 2.747 1 |
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Salikhov, N.; Shepetov, A.; Pak, G.; Saveliev, V.; Nurakynov, S.; Ryabov, V.; Zhukov, V. A PLL-Based Doppler Method Using an SDR-Receiver for Investigation of Seismogenic and Man-Made Disturbances in the Ionosphere. Geosciences 2024, 14, 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14070192
Salikhov N, Shepetov A, Pak G, Saveliev V, Nurakynov S, Ryabov V, Zhukov V. A PLL-Based Doppler Method Using an SDR-Receiver for Investigation of Seismogenic and Man-Made Disturbances in the Ionosphere. Geosciences. 2024; 14(7):192. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14070192
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalikhov, Nazyf, Alexander Shepetov, Galina Pak, Vladimir Saveliev, Serik Nurakynov, Vladimir Ryabov, and Valery Zhukov. 2024. "A PLL-Based Doppler Method Using an SDR-Receiver for Investigation of Seismogenic and Man-Made Disturbances in the Ionosphere" Geosciences 14, no. 7: 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14070192
APA StyleSalikhov, N., Shepetov, A., Pak, G., Saveliev, V., Nurakynov, S., Ryabov, V., & Zhukov, V. (2024). A PLL-Based Doppler Method Using an SDR-Receiver for Investigation of Seismogenic and Man-Made Disturbances in the Ionosphere. Geosciences, 14(7), 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14070192