Understanding the Dynamics of a Coastal Lagoon: Drivers, Exchanges, State of the Environment, Consequences and Responses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. DESCR Framework
- Drivers, as the social, economic or environmental forces that put pressure on the environment, which are both natural (storms, hurricanes, etc.) and human (urbanization, pollution, etc.);
- Exchanges, which are the measure of how much the driving forces have produced changes in the system;
- The State of the Environment, where the current environmental conditions are defined after analyzing the pressures;
- Consequences, which are the effects of the processes on the environment, e.g., sediment transport may lead to erosion/accretion processes, and loss of ecosystem services;
- Responses, which are the mitigation actions adopted by local authorities and stakeholders to solve environmental problems and/or improve the quality of the environment.
3. Results
3.1. Drivers in the DESCR Framework
3.1.1. Natural Drivers
- Winds;
- Waves;
- Storms, tropical cyclones and hurricanes.
Winds
Waves
Storms, Tropical Cyclones and Hurricanes
Tides
3.1.2. Anthropic Drivers
- Tourism;
- Planed urban infrastructure.
Tourism in Coastal Areas and the Effects of Dune Trampling
Planned Urban Infrastructure
3.2. Exhanges in the DESCR Framework
3.2.1. Hydrodynamics and SLR
3.2.2. Problems Affecting the Vegetation and Fauna
3.3. State of the Environment in the DESCR Framework
3.3.1. Lagoon Vegetation
3.3.2. Anthropic Impacts
3.4. Consequences in the DESCR Framework
3.4.1. Beach and Dunes
3.4.2. Lagoon and Mangroves
3.5. Responses in the DESCR Framework
- Participation: representatives of the local, state and federal government; federation of fishermen; ecotourism organizations; academic institutions; grouping of fishing cooperatives with political interests; civil society [60].
- Normative: General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection (LEGEEPA); National Water Law; Federal Law of the Sea; Sustainable Rural Development Law; Sustainable Forestry Development Law; General Wildlife Law; Fishing Law; Federal Law of Rights; General Law of Human Settlements; Mexican Official Standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-200 (Environmental Protection-Mexican native species of wild flora and fauna); NOM-126-SEMARNAT-2000; Official Mexican Standard NOM-022-SEMARNAT-2003; Official Mexican Standard NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996; Mexican Official Standard NOM-075-SEMARNAT-1994 [61].
- Institutions: Secretary of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT); Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (CONAPESCA) [62]; marine secretary; Ministry of Communications and Transportation; Secretary of Tourism; Secretariat of Health; Office of the Attorney General of the Republic; Secretariat of Management for Environmental Protection; General Directorate of the Federal Maritime Terrestrial Zone and Coastal Environments; National Water Commission; National Commission for Protected Natural Areas; Federal Attorney for Environmental Protection; National Institute of Ecology [61].
- Managers: administration of the Institute of the Ecology Sector of the Institute of Ecology; Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT); ZOFEMATAC Federal Maritime Terrestrial Zone, dependency of SEMARNAT; Municipality of Actopan; State Coordination of the Environment (SEDERE) [60]; La Mancha en Movimiento S.S.S. [63]; PROFEPA Social Participation Committee; state nuclear power plant Nucleoeléctrica Laguna Verde (Federal Electricity Commission); Directorate of Fisheries State Agency; National Water Commission [61].
- Information: Community and Sustainable Development Program and Management Plan for the Protection and Conservation of the La Mancha-El Llano Ramsar Site [64]; La Mancha-El Llano Community Management Plan. In Search of a Sustainable Coastal Development [51]; Strategy for Comprehensive Coastal Management-The Municipal Approach [60]; Environments of Veracruz. The coast of La Mancha [62]; government; general bibliography.
- Resources: no specific data.
- Instruments: La Mancha-El Llano Community Management Plan [51].
3.6. Summary of the DESCR Framework
- Alteration in the natural patterns of the physicochemical parameters (e.g., salinity and pH) due to the forced opening of the inlet;
- Sea level rise;
- Sediment deficit;
- Sediment availability reduction;
- Changes in native species coverage;
- Land use changes, including development of urbanization.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Author, Year | Title | Main Contributions |
---|---|---|
Moreno-Casasola et al., 2006 [51] | Plan de manejo comunitario La Mancha-El Llano. En busca de un desarrollo costero sustentable. Estrategias para el manejo integral de la zona costera: un enfoque municipal | A management strategy based on the environmental protection and the experiences of the Latin American Forum of Environmental Sciences. |
Moreno-Casasola, 2006 [62] | Entornos Veracruzanos. La costa de La Mancha | This book describes the main characteristics, physical, ecological, social and cultural, in great detail. |
Moreno-Casasola et al., 2007 [52] | Los conflictos de la conservación: el caso de La Mancha. Hacia una cultura de conservación de la diversidad biológica | A view of the experiences of the social sectors of La Mancha and the conflicts of interests between them and the government regarding the introduction of the La Mancha-El Llano Community Management Plan. |
Moreno-Casasola and Salinas Pulido, 2007 [64] | Programa de desarrollo comunitario sustentable y plan de manejo para la protección y conservación del Sitio Ramsar La Mancha-El Llano | An environmental conservation and community project for La Mancha, Veracruz, based on the sustainable management models of three groups of people from the local community. |
Hesp and Martínez, 2008 [16] | Transverse dune trailing ridges and vegetation succession | A description of features, such as evolution and vegetation, of the Farallon dunes located in La Mancha, Veracruz. |
Utrera-López and Moreno-Casasola, 2008 [20] | Mangrove litter dynamics in La Mancha Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico | A description of litter dynamics among mangrove types in La Mancha, to help understand functional heterogeneity within this coastal ecosystem. |
Psuty et al., 2009 [15] | Interaction of alongshore sediment transport and habitat conditions at Laguna La Mancha, Veracruz, Mexico | An overview of the hydrological regime, the dynamic of sediments and the ecological features in La Mancha. |
Mata et al., 2011 [71] | Floristic composition and soil characteristics of tropical freshwater forested wetlands of Veracruz on the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico | Analysis of the geomorphological setting, influence and soil properties on the structure of vegetation of five coastal lagoons in Veracruz, one being La Mancha. |
Martínez et al., 2014 [9] | Land use changes and sea level rise may induce a “coastal squeeze” on the coasts of Veracruz, Mexico | Analysis of the coastal line geodynamics and geodynamic trends to model niches under SLR scenarios. |
Ruiz and López-Portillo, 2014 [72] | Variación espacio-temporal de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados epibiontes en las raíces del mangle rojo Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) en la laguna costera de La Mancha, Veracruz, México | An analysis of spatiotemporal variations of epibiont macroinvertebrates in red mangrove roots (Rhizophoraceae), based on the hydrological dynamics of the system. |
Ramírez Méndez et al., 2015 [73] | Estudio de la dinámica y calidad de agua en la laguna de La Mancha, Veracruz | A study of the dynamics of hydrodynamic, morphodynamic and hydrological conditions and physicochemical parameters of La Mancha and its littoral cell. |
Chávez et al., 2017 [12] | Impact of Inlet Management on the Resilience of a Coastal Lagoon: La Mancha, Veracruz, Mexico | A study on features of La Mancha lagoon, such as ecosystem vulnerability, physical processes, such as erosion and accretion of the beach, inlet dynamics, and hydrodynamics of circulation patterns in the lagoon. |
Rivera et al., 2019 [36] | Modelling the effects of the artificial opening of an inlet: Salinity distribution in a coastal lagoon | Numerical results are used to analyze and describe changes in the salinity distribution in La Mancha lagoon, showing results which would be useful in developing an adequate management plan. |
Gómez Ramírez, 2020 [53] | El estudio de los ciclones tropicales se minimizó, en la manifestación del impacto ambiental para el Proyecto Diada La Mancha, en la costa del municipio de Actopan, Estado de Veracruz | A review of the problems caused by the lack of a serious environmental impact study prior to the development of the La Mancha-Diada project. |
Author, Year | Title | Main Contributions |
---|---|---|
Cortés López, 2017 [44] | Desarrollo de un Índice de Riesgo sobre la ocurrencia de Opresión Costera en el centro-norte del Estado de Veracruz Master Thesis | Development of a risk index, based on the occurrence of coastal oppression, considering the evolution of the coastline and of the sediments in 14 beaches, one being La Mancha. |
Chávez, 2018 [46] | Balance Hidrodinámico en Humedales Costeros y su valor como elemento de protección litoral PhD Thesis | Analysis and characterization of the physical protection against floods provided by wetlands, based on the monitoring of the main physical processes and the determination of their balances. |
Ramírez Méndez, 2018 [18] | Rumbo a un Plan de Manejo Integral de la laguna de La Mancha, Veracruz Master Thesis | Study of physical, ecological and social parameters of La Mancha, Veracruz, in order to extend a management plan for this zone. |
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Tidal Level | Tuxpan | La Mancha 1 | Veracruz |
---|---|---|---|
HAT (Highest Astronomical Tide) (m) | 1.040 | 1.087 | 1.100 |
MHHW (Mean Higher High Water) (m) | 0.496 | 0.500 | 0.501 |
MHW (Mean High Water) (m) | 0.410 | 0.415 | 0.417 |
MSL (Mean Sea Level) (m) | 0.284 | 0.286 | 0.287 |
MLW (Mean Low Water) (m) | 0.220 | 0.230 | 0.233 |
MLLW (Mean Lower Low Water) (m) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
LAT (Lowest Astronomical Tide) (m) | −0.470 | −0.493 | −0.500 |
Storm Surge | Return Period (Years) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 100 | |
Atmospheric pressure gradient storm surge (m) | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.32 |
Wind storm surge (m) | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.68 |
Wave storm surge (m) | 1.27 | 1.40 | 1.47 | 1.51 | 1.54 | 1.58 | 1.62 | 1.66 | 1.70 | 1.80 |
Pressure + wind + wave storm surge (m) | 1.36 | 1.67 | 1.90 | 2.04 | 2.14 | 2.23 | 2.31 | 2.42 | 2.52 | 2.80 |
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Chacón Abarca, S.; Chávez, V.; Silva, R.; Martínez, M.L.; Anfuso, G. Understanding the Dynamics of a Coastal Lagoon: Drivers, Exchanges, State of the Environment, Consequences and Responses. Geosciences 2021, 11, 301. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11080301
Chacón Abarca S, Chávez V, Silva R, Martínez ML, Anfuso G. Understanding the Dynamics of a Coastal Lagoon: Drivers, Exchanges, State of the Environment, Consequences and Responses. Geosciences. 2021; 11(8):301. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11080301
Chicago/Turabian StyleChacón Abarca, Samantha, Valeria Chávez, Rodolfo Silva, M. Luisa Martínez, and Giorgio Anfuso. 2021. "Understanding the Dynamics of a Coastal Lagoon: Drivers, Exchanges, State of the Environment, Consequences and Responses" Geosciences 11, no. 8: 301. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11080301