Long-Lasting Patterns in 3 kHz Electromagnetic Time Series after the ML = 6.6 Earthquake of 2018-10-25 near Zakynthos, Greece

Nikolopoulos, Dimitrios; Petraki, Ermioni; Yannakopoulos, Panayiotis H.; Priniotakis, Georgios; Voyiatzis, Ioannis; Cantzos, Demetrios

doi:10.3390/geosciences10060235

Open AccessArticle

Long-Lasting Patterns in 3 kHz Electromagnetic Time Series after the M_L = 6.6 Earthquake of 2018-10-25 near Zakynthos, Greece

by

Dimitrios Nikolopoulos

^1,*

,

Ermioni Petraki

²,

Panayiotis H. Yannakopoulos

²,

Georgios Priniotakis

¹,

Ioannis Voyiatzis

² and

Demetrios Cantzos

¹

Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, Petrou Ralli & Thivon 250, GR-12244 Aigaleo, Greece

²

Department of Informatics and Computer Engineering, University of West Attica, Agiou Spyridonos, GR-12243 Aigaleo, Greece

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Geosciences 2020, 10(6), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060235

Submission received: 10 April 2020 / Revised: 6 May 2020 / Accepted: 13 May 2020 / Published: 18 June 2020

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic and Radon Pre-earthquake Precursors)

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Abstract

This paper reports one-month 3 kHz EM disturbances recorded at Kardamas, Ilia, Greece after a strong

M_{L} = 6.6

earthquake occurred on 2018/10/25 near Zakynthos and Ilia. During this period 17 earthquakes occurred with magnitudes

M_{L} = 4.5

and

M_{L} = 5.5

and depths between 3 km and 17 km, all near Zakynthos and Ilia. A two-stage, fully computational methodology was applied to the outcomes of five different time-evolving chaos analysis techniques (DFA, fractal dimension analysis through Higuchi, Katz and Sevcik methods and power-law analysis). Via literature-based thresholds, the out-of-threshold results of all chaos analysis methods were located and from these, the common time instances of 13 selected combinations per five, four, three and two methods. Numerous persistent segments were located with DFA exponents between

1.6 \leq α \leq 2.0

, fractal dimensions between

1.4 \leq D \leq 2.0

and power-law exponents between

2.2 \leq β \leq 3.0

. Out of the 17 earthquakes, six earthquakes were jointly matched by 13 selected combinations of five, four, three and two chaos analysis methods, four earthquakes by all combinations of four, three and two, while the remaining seven earthquakes were matched by at least one combination of three methods. All meta-analysis matches are within typical forecast periods.

Keywords: DFA; fractal dimension; Katz; Higuchi; Sevcik; spectral fractal analysis; kHz; earthquakes

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nikolopoulos, D.; Petraki, E.; Yannakopoulos, P.H.; Priniotakis, G.; Voyiatzis, I.; Cantzos, D. Long-Lasting Patterns in 3 kHz Electromagnetic Time Series after the M_L = 6.6 Earthquake of 2018-10-25 near Zakynthos, Greece. Geosciences 2020, 10, 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060235

AMA Style

Nikolopoulos D, Petraki E, Yannakopoulos PH, Priniotakis G, Voyiatzis I, Cantzos D. Long-Lasting Patterns in 3 kHz Electromagnetic Time Series after the M_L = 6.6 Earthquake of 2018-10-25 near Zakynthos, Greece. Geosciences. 2020; 10(6):235. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060235

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolopoulos, Dimitrios, Ermioni Petraki, Panayiotis H. Yannakopoulos, Georgios Priniotakis, Ioannis Voyiatzis, and Demetrios Cantzos. 2020. "Long-Lasting Patterns in 3 kHz Electromagnetic Time Series after the M_L = 6.6 Earthquake of 2018-10-25 near Zakynthos, Greece" Geosciences 10, no. 6: 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060235

APA Style

Nikolopoulos, D., Petraki, E., Yannakopoulos, P. H., Priniotakis, G., Voyiatzis, I., & Cantzos, D. (2020). Long-Lasting Patterns in 3 kHz Electromagnetic Time Series after the M_L = 6.6 Earthquake of 2018-10-25 near Zakynthos, Greece. Geosciences, 10(6), 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060235

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Long-Lasting Patterns in 3 kHz Electromagnetic Time Series after the M_L = 6.6 Earthquake of 2018-10-25 near Zakynthos, Greece

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