The Effects of Play Behavior, Feeding, and Time of Day on Salivary Concentrations of sIgA in Calves
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects, Housing and Management
2.2. Experimental Procedures
2.3. Analysis of sIgA Concentrations
2.4. Observation of Play Behavior
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Time of Day
3.2. Effect of Feeding
3.3. Play Behavior and Its Effect on sIgA Concentration
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Time of Day
4.2. Effect of Feeding
4.3. Effect of Play Behavior
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Behavior | Definition |
---|---|
Running | A calf moves forward faster than walking (trot or gallop). |
Jumping | During running: All four legs leave the ground, accompanied by a clear upward movement of the calf. On the highest point of movement, the animal can kick with one or both hind limbs. During standing/walking: In an upward movement, both forelimbs leave the ground and the calf lands with both forelimbs simultaneously. The hind limbs can also move. |
Kicking | While standing or walking, the calf kicks with one hind limb. |
Mounting | A calf jumps with both forelimbs and lays the front part of its body on the body of another animal or the experimenter. Mounting is also recorded if the attempt is not successful, i.e., the upper body part does not come to rest on the other animal or the experimenter. |
Head pushing | A calf puts its forehead against the forehead or head/neck region of another calf or against a body part of the experimenter and pushes. This behavior can also be started with another part of the head than the forehead. |
Head rubbing | A calf puts any part of its head, usually the side of the face, against a body part of another calf and rubs it in an up-and-down movement. |
Head shaking | Up-and-down or rotational head movements, often in combination and around more than one axis; the movements have no clear direction, e.g., towards flies. |
Avoidance | A calf moves away from the experimenter after the experimenter moved towards the calf. This behavior is only recorded if the movement is obviously triggered by the experimenter’s approach. If this experimenter-triggered, averted movement leads to a clearly playful behavior (jumping, kicking, head shaking), it is not recorded as avoidance but as the according play behavior (in case of a quick movement in combination with head shaking, the behavior is recorded as running). |
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Spiesberger, K.; Lürzel, S.; Patzl, M.; Futschik, A.; Waiblinger, S. The Effects of Play Behavior, Feeding, and Time of Day on Salivary Concentrations of sIgA in Calves. Animals 2019, 9, 657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090657
Spiesberger K, Lürzel S, Patzl M, Futschik A, Waiblinger S. The Effects of Play Behavior, Feeding, and Time of Day on Salivary Concentrations of sIgA in Calves. Animals. 2019; 9(9):657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090657
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpiesberger, Katrin, Stephanie Lürzel, Martina Patzl, Andreas Futschik, and Susanne Waiblinger. 2019. "The Effects of Play Behavior, Feeding, and Time of Day on Salivary Concentrations of sIgA in Calves" Animals 9, no. 9: 657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090657