Effects of Supplementation with Royal Poinciana Seed Meal (Delonix regia) on Ruminal Fermentation Pattern, Microbial Protein Synthesis, Blood Metabolites and Mitigation of Methane Emissions in Native Thai Beef Cattle
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Pellets Containing Royal Poinciana Seed Meal (PEREM) Preparation and Design
2.2. Treatments, Experimental Design and Animal’s Management
2.3. Sample Collection and Measurements
2.4. Statistical Measurement
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Nutritional Contents in PEREM
3.2. Feed Intakes, Nutrient Intake and Digestibility Coefficients
3.3. Rumen Ecology and Microorganism Population
3.4. Ruminal VFA and CH4 Estimation
3.5. Blood Metabolites
3.6. Nitrogen Balances and Microbial Protein Synthesis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Concentrate | PEREM | Rice Straw |
---|---|---|---|
Ingredients, %DM | |||
Cassava chips | 55.50 | - | |
Rice bran | 11.00 | - | |
Coconut meal | 13.00 | - | |
Palm kernel meal | 13.40 | - | |
Royal poinciana seeds meal * | - | 90.00 | |
Cassava starch | - | 5.00 | |
Minerals and vitamins † | 0.50 | 1.00 | |
Sulfur | 0.50 | 1.00 | |
Urea | 2.60 | 1.00 | |
Salt | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Molasses | 2.00 | 1.00 | |
Chemical composition | |||
Dry matter, % | 93.53 | 96.73 | 94.54 |
Organic matter, %DM | 92.75 | 93.61 | 93.12 |
Crude protein, %DM | 14.04 | 25.42 | 2.83 |
Neutral detergent fiber, %DM | 11.85 | 18.95 | 66.87 |
Acid detergent fiber, %DM | 7.97 | 12.31 | 43.37 |
Tannins, mg/100 g DM | - | 84.75 | - |
Saponins, g/kg DM | - | 11.04 | - |
Item | Supplementation of PEREM, g DM | SEM | Contrast | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 50 | 100 | 150 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
DM intake | |||||||
Rice straw | |||||||
kg/day | 1.93 | 1.96 | 2.00 | 1.95 | 0.16 | 0.86 | 0.82 |
g/kg BW0.75 | 47.41 | 47.88 | 48.93 | 48.17 | 2.70 | 0.79 | 0.83 |
Concentrate | |||||||
kg/day | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.02 | 0.86 | 0.92 |
g/kg BW0.75 | 16.08 | 16.10 | 16.09 | 16.06 | 0.16 | 0.92 | 0.88 |
PEREM | |||||||
kg/day | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.15 | - | - | - |
g/kg BW0.75 | 0.00 | 1.16 | 2.32 | 3.51 | - | - | - |
Total intake | |||||||
kg/day | 2.59 | 2.67 | 2.76 | 2.75 | 0.18 | 0.50 | 0.83 |
g/kg BW0.75 | 63.23 | 65.14 | 67.34 | 67.73 | 2.83 | 0.26 | 0.80 |
Nutrient intake, kg/d | |||||||
Dry matter | 2.59 | 2.67 | 2.76 | 2.75 | 0.18 | 0.50 | 0.83 |
Organic matter | 2.50 | 2.58 | 2.67 | 2.67 | 0.17 | 0.48 | 0.83 |
Crude protein | 0.16 a | 0.17 a | 0.19 a | 0.20 b | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.88 |
aNeutral detergent fiber | 1.65 | 1.69 | 1.74 | 1.72 | 0.13 | 0.70 | 0.83 |
Acid detergent fiber | 1.04 | 1.07 | 1.10 | 1.09 | 0.08 | 0.64 | 0.81 |
Digestibility coefficients, % | |||||||
Dry matter | 64.69 | 64.05 | 63.48 | 63.05 | 2.88 | 0.22 | 0.72 |
Organic matter | 68.16 | 67.22 | 67.11 | 66.95 | 2.57 | 0.39 | 0.97 |
Crude protein | 62.24 | 62.18 | 62.08 | 62.62 | 2.33 | 0.92 | 0.90 |
aNeutral detergent fiber | 55.27 | 55.04 | 54.64 | 53.24 | 4.02 | 0.73 | 0.89 |
Acid detergent fiber | 46.11 | 45.50 | 45.08 | 44.38 | 4.70 | 0.66 | 0.99 |
Item | Supplementation of PEREM, g DM | SEM | Contrast | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 50 | 100 | 150 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Rumen ecology | |||||||
Ruminal pH | |||||||
0 h post feeding | 6.93 | 6.90 | 6.93 | 6.95 | 0.10 | 0.80 | 0.69 |
4 h post feeding | 6.73 | 6.90 | 6.90 | 6.86 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.12 |
Mean | 6.84 | 6.90 | 6.92 | 6.90 | 0.06 | 0.42 | 0.56 |
Ruminal temperature, °C | |||||||
0 h post feeding | 38.53 | 38.01 | 38.52 | 38.61 | 0.24 | 0.42 | 0.27 |
4 h post feeding | 39.54 | 39.32 | 39.43 | 39.82 | 0.19 | 0.30 | 0.16 |
Mean | 39.01 | 38.71 | 38.91 | 39.20 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.15 |
NH3-N concentration, mg/dL | |||||||
0 h post feeding | 12.71 a | 14.01 b | 15.70 c | 19.50 d | 0.16 | <0.01 | <0.05 |
4 h post feeding | 16.82 a | 18.51 b | 20.63 c | 23.52 d | 0.14 | <0.01 | 0.05 |
Mean | 14.80 a | 16.33 b | 18.21 c | 21.50 d | 0.11 | <0.01 | <0.05 |
Ruminal microbes, cell/mL | |||||||
Protozoa × 106 | |||||||
0 h post feeding | 10.51 a | 5.31 b | 4.43 bc | 2.51 c | 0.56 | <0.01 | <0.05 |
4 h post feeding | 12.50 a | 6.82 b | 5.43 bc | 2.92 c | 0.91 | <0.05 | 0.13 |
Mean | 11.51 a | 6.01 b | 4.93 b | 2.73 c | 0.6 | <0.01 | <0.05 |
Bacteria × 108 | |||||||
0 h post feeding | 13.50 | 12.88 | 13.65 | 12.99 | 1.05 | 0.88 | 0.86 |
4 h post feeding | 19.88 | 18.96 | 20.15 | 19.65 | 1.88 | 0.12 | 0.85 |
Mean | 16.69 | 15.92 | 16.90 | 16.32 | 1.51 | 0.35 | 0.83 |
Item | Supplementation of PEREM, g DM | SEM | Contrast | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 50 | 100 | 150 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Total VFA, mmol/L | |||||||
0 h post feeding | 102.00 | 103.65 | 106.68 | 106.85 | 3.06 | 0.21 | 0.15 |
4 h post feeding | 106.04 a | 110.29 b | 116.38 c | 116.47 c | 0.46 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Mean | 104.02 a | 106.97 b | 111.53 c | 111.66 c | 0.23 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
VFA profiles, mol/100 mol | |||||||
Acetic acid | |||||||
0 h post feeding | 65.31 | 64.06 | 63.95 | 62.24 | 2.22 | 0.11 | 0.35 |
4 h post feeding | 67.70 | 66.37 | 67.16 | 66.95 | 3.37 | 0.41 | 0.18 |
Mean | 66.50 | 65.22 | 65.55 | 64.59 | 2.14 | 0.21 | 0.27 |
Propionic acid | |||||||
0 h post feeding | 22.2 a | 23.19 b | 24.01 c | 25.07 d | 0.10 | <0.01 | 0.75 |
4 h post feeding | 23.11 a | 24.09 b | 25.08 c | 25.31 c | 0.18 | <0.01 | 0.08 |
Mean | 22.65 a | 23.64 b | 24.54 c | 25.19 d | 0.11 | <0.01 | 0.18 |
Butyric acid | |||||||
0 h post feeding | 12.49 | 12.69 | 12.05 | 12.70 | 1.50 | 0.99 | 0.48 |
4 h post feeding | 9.19 | 9.54 | 7.77 | 7.74 | 1.20 | 0.21 | 0.39 |
Mean | 10.84 | 11.11 | 9.91 | 10.22 | 1.13 | 0.81 | 0.89 |
Acetic/propionic acid ratio | 2.94 | 2.76 | 2.67 | 2.57 | 0.52 | 0.51 | 0.06 |
CH4 estimation, mM/L | |||||||
0 h post feeding | 28.79 | 27.05 | 26.43 | 26.26 | 0.57 | 0.11 | 0.73 |
4 h post feeding | 36.23 a | 33.03 b | 30.14 c | 27.16 d | 0.94 | <0.01 | 0.08 |
Mean | 32.51 a | 30.04 b | 28.28 c | 26.71 d | 0.68 | <0.01 | 0.16 |
Item | Supplementation of PEREM, g DM | SEM | Contrast | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 50 | 100 | 150 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Blood metabolites | |||||||
Blood urea-N concentration, mg/dL | |||||||
0 h post feeding | 10.25 | 10.25 | 11.12 | 11.35 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.41 |
4 h post feeding | 11.54 a | 13.55 b | 14.87 c | 16.89 d | 0.35 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
Mean | 10.90 a | 11.90 a | 13.00 b | 14.12 b | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.51 |
Total protein, g/dL | |||||||
0 h post feeding | 1.46 | 1.42 | 1.33 | 1.36 | 0.08 | 0.34 | 0.70 |
4 h post feeding | 1.40 | 1.42 | 1.46 | 1.48 | 0.12 | 0.61 | 0.98 |
Mean | 1.43 | 1.42 | 1.40 | 1.42 | 0.09 | 0.92 | 0.83 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | |||||||
0 h post feeding | 5.98 | 5.78 | 6.10 | 6.33 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.26 |
4 h post feeding | 6.13 | 6.10 | 6.28 | 6.38 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.67 |
Mean | 6.05 | 5.94 | 6.19 | 6.35 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.34 |
Albumin, g/dL | |||||||
0 h post feeding | 3.03 | 2.95 | 3.13 | 2.90 | 0.08 | 0.57 | 0.36 |
4 h post feeding | 2.95 | 3.20 | 3.00 | 3.05 | 0.14 | 0.87 | 0.49 |
Mean | 2.99 | 3.08 | 3.06 | 2.98 | 0.05 | 0.84 | 0.15 |
Item | Supplementation of PEREM, g DM | SEM | Contrast | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 50 | 100 | 150 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Nitrogen (N) balance, g/d | |||||||
N intake (NI) | 23.65 a | 25.62 b | 27.54 c | 29.02 d | 0.14 | <0.01 | 0.14 |
N fecal | 9.55 ac | 10.35 ab | 10.92 b | 9.05 c | 0.34 | 0.55 | <0.01 |
N urine | 6.10 | 5.96 | 5.10 | 4.88 | 0.46 | 0.07 | 0.94 |
N absorption | 14.10 a | 15.27 b | 16.62 c | 19.97 d | 0.23 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
N retained (NR) | 8.00 a | 9.31 a | 11.52 b | 15.10 c | 0.53 | <0.01 | 0.08 |
PD, mmol/d | |||||||
Allantoin excretion | 121.02 a | 125.65 a | 131.2 ab | 135.44 b | 3.98 | 0.05 | 0.78 |
Allantoin absorption | 115.89 a | 119.35 a | 125.77 b | 129.89 ab | 2.65 | 0.03 | 0.25 |
Microbial crude protein *, g/d | 413.34 a | 429.15 a | 448.11 ab | 462.59 b | 10.8 | 0.02 | 0.54 |
EMNS †, g N/kg OMDR | 37.32 a | 38.07 a | 39.06 ab | 41.04 b | 0.68 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
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Cherdthong, A.; Prachumchai, R.; Wanapat, M.; Foiklang, S.; Chanjula, P. Effects of Supplementation with Royal Poinciana Seed Meal (Delonix regia) on Ruminal Fermentation Pattern, Microbial Protein Synthesis, Blood Metabolites and Mitigation of Methane Emissions in Native Thai Beef Cattle. Animals 2019, 9, 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090625
Cherdthong A, Prachumchai R, Wanapat M, Foiklang S, Chanjula P. Effects of Supplementation with Royal Poinciana Seed Meal (Delonix regia) on Ruminal Fermentation Pattern, Microbial Protein Synthesis, Blood Metabolites and Mitigation of Methane Emissions in Native Thai Beef Cattle. Animals. 2019; 9(9):625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090625
Chicago/Turabian StyleCherdthong, Anusorn, Rittikeard Prachumchai, Metha Wanapat, Suban Foiklang, and Pin Chanjula. 2019. "Effects of Supplementation with Royal Poinciana Seed Meal (Delonix regia) on Ruminal Fermentation Pattern, Microbial Protein Synthesis, Blood Metabolites and Mitigation of Methane Emissions in Native Thai Beef Cattle" Animals 9, no. 9: 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090625