Administration of an Immune Stimulant during the Transition Period Improved Lipid Metabolism and Rumination without Affecting Inflammatory Status
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design and Animal Management
2.2. Body Weight, Body Condition Score, Dry Matter Intake, Rumination Time, and Milk Yield
2.3. Health Status
2.4. Blood Sample Collection
2.4.1. Metabolic Profile Assessment
2.4.2. Blood Cell Profile
2.4.3. Whole Blood Stimulation Assay
2.4.4. Interferon Gamma Release Assay
2.5. Milk Sample Collection and Analysis
2.6. Carrageenan Skin Test
2.7. Rumen Fluid Measurements
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body Weight, Body Condition Score, Dry Matter Intake, Rumination Time, and Milk Yield
3.2. Milk Quality and Rumen Fluid Measurements
3.3. Metabolic Profile
3.3.1. Packed Cell Volume, Energy, Protein, and Mineral Metabolism Biomarkers
3.3.2. Liver Function and Inflammation Biomarkers
3.3.3. Oxidative Status Biomarkers
3.4. Blood Cell Profile
3.5. Whole Blood Stimulation Assay, Interferon Gamma Release Assay, and Carrageenan Skin Test
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diet, % DM | Phase 1 4 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 | Phase 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DFC 3 | −62 to −55 | −47 to −7 | −6 to 0 | 0 to 30 | 31 to 42 |
Item | |||||
Corn silage | 28.5 | 18.6 | 23.6 | 24.0 | 23.3 |
Alfalfa hay | 16.4 | - | - | 13.7 | 11.1 |
Grass hay | 23.4 | 71.4 | 58.0 | 18.1 | 11.9 |
Concentrate (−62 to 0 DFC 3) | - | 10.0 | 10.1 | 5 | - |
Concentrate (1 to 42 DFC 3) | 31.7 | - | 8.3 | 44.2 | 53.7 |
Concentrate Composition, % DM | |||||
Corn flour | - | - | - | 40.0 | 40.0 |
Barley flour | - | - | - | 1.4 | 1.4 |
Sorghum grain expanded | - | - | - | - | - |
Soybean meal | 90.5 | 90.5 | 90.5 | 13.1 | 13.1 |
Soybean dry rolled | - | - | - | - | - |
Sunflower meal | - | - | - | 4.9 | 4.9 |
Corn gluten feed | - | - | - | - | - |
Beet pulp | - | - | - | 16.6 | 16.6 |
Wheat bran | - | - | - | 9.8 | 9.8 |
Beet molasse slops | - | - | - | 2.6 | 2.6 |
Potato protein | - | - | - | 2.2 | 2.2 |
Hydrogenated palm oil | - | - | - | 3.3 | 3.3 |
Limestone | - | - | - | 1.39 | 1.39 |
Dicalcium phosphate | - | - | - | 1.80 | 1.80 |
Sodium bicarbonate | - | - | - | 0.98 | 0.98 |
Magnesium oxide | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.64 | 0.64 |
Sodium Chloride | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.32 | 0.32 |
Supplement 1 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 1.07 | 1.07 |
Chemical Composition | |||||
NEL, Mcal kg of DM−1 | 1.59 | 1.45 | 1.53 | 1.60 | 1.63 |
Crude protein, % DM | 14.9 | 13.6 | 14.5 | 16.2 | 17.2 |
Starch + sugar, % DM | 23.7 | 16.8 | 19.3 | 26.0 | 18.3 |
Ether extract, % DM | 3.80 | 1.80 | 2.40 | 4.48 | 5.08 |
NDF, % DM | 39.4 | 49.3 | 45.5 | 35.7 | 32.6 |
MP 2, % CP | 9.8 | 9.1 | 9.7 | 10.5 | 11.1 |
RUP 2, % DM | 4.64 | 4.48 | 4.77 | 5.23 | 5.96 |
Item, Unit | TRT 1 | Days from Calving | SE 5 | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 | 14 | 28 | 42 | TRT 1 | t 2 | TRT × t 3 | |||
Butterfat, mg 100 mL−1 | CTR | 4.69 | 4.24 | 4.68 | 3.67 | 0.35 | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.78 |
IMS | 4.33 | 4.14 | 3.82 | 3.36 | |||||
Fat output, kg | CTR | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.65 | 0.48 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.65 |
IMS | 0.27 | 0.37 | 0.48 | 0.44 | |||||
Total protein, mg 100 mL−1 | CTR | 3.84 | 3.30 | 3.07 | 3.09 | 0.10 | 0.49 | <0.01 | 0.66 |
IMS | 3.81 | 3.34 | 3.25 | 3.19 | |||||
Protein output, kg | CTR | 1.21 | 1.18 | 1.33 | 1.36 | 0.06 | 0.61 | <0.01 | 0.15 |
IMS | 1.15 | 1.18 | 1.38 | 1.50 | |||||
Fat/protein ratio, - | CTR | 1.22 | 1.28 | 1.54 | 1.19 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.64 |
IMS | 1.14 | 1.24 | 1.19 | 1.05 | |||||
Lactose, mg 100 mL−1 | CTR | 4.79 | 5.25 | 5.06 | 5.17 | 0.07 | 0.73 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
IMS | 4.96 | 5.09 | 5.16 | 5.14 | |||||
+ | |||||||||
Caseins, mg 100 mL−1 | CTR | 2.84 | 2.50 | 2.28 | 2.33 | 0.08 | 0.42 | <0.01 | 0.59 |
IMS | 2.85 | 2.51 | 2.45 | 2.40 | |||||
Titratable acidity, °SH 50 mL−1 | CTR | 3.96 | 3.33 | 3.23 | 3.12 | 0.17 | 0.77 | <0.01 | 0.93 |
IMS | 3.86 | 3.19 | 3.20 | 3.12 | |||||
Urea-N, mg dL−1 | CTR | 31.2 | 34.7 | 26.8 | 31.2 | 3.11 | 0.64 | 0.08 | 0.66 |
IMS | 33.7 | 33.3 | 30.2 | 33.0 | |||||
Coagulation time (rCT), min | CTR | 12.3 | 20.0 | 14.0 | 14.5 | 2.03 | 0.77 | <0.01 | 0.68 |
IMS | 11.5 | 16.2 | 14.8 | 16.1 | |||||
Curd firmness (a30), mm | CTR | 37.7 | 23.2 | 35.3 | 32.8 | 4.59 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.40 |
IMS | 43.4 | 33.6 | 35.6 | 34.7 | |||||
SCC 4, 103 mL−1 | CTR | 293.4 | - | 37.7 | - | 91.4 | 0.47 | 0.18 | 0.31 |
IMS | 72.4 | - | 54.9 | - |
Item | Unit | TRT 1 | SE 3 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTR | IMS | ||||
pH | - | 6.78 | 6.54 | 0.15 | 0.14 |
Ammonia-N | mg L−1 | 4.65 | 4.47 | 0.10 | 0.96 |
Total VFA 2 | mM L−1 | 103.8 | 109.0 | 8.72 | 0.52 |
Individual VFA | mol 100 mol−1 total VFA | ||||
Acetic acid | 66.2 | 67.0 | 5.08 | 0.79 | |
Propionic acid | 21.8 | 25.4 | 3.81 | 0.38 | |
Butyric acid | 11.4 | 12.3 | 1.17 | 0.47 | |
Isobutyric acid | 0.89 | 0.80 | 0.08 | 0.39 | |
Valeric acid | 1.26 | 1.42 | 0.21 | 0.41 | |
Isovaleric acid | 1.55 | 1.57 | 0.14 | 0.77 | |
Caproic acid | 0.55 | 0.46 | 0.14 | 0.61 | |
Enanthic acid | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.35 | |
L-lactic acid | mM L−1 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.11 | 0.88 |
D-lactic acid | mM L−1 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.11 | 0.91 |
Total lactic acid | mM L−1 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.21 | 0.89 |
Item, Unit | TRT 1 | Days from Calving | SE 2 | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−62 | −48 | −21 | −3 | 7 | 28 | TRT1 | t 3 | TRT × t 4 | |||
WBC 5, 103 µL−1 | CTR | 6.4 | 5.8 | 6.3 | 7.7 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 0.77 | 0.54 | <0.01 | 0.59 |
IMS | 7.5 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 8.4 | 6.8 | 5.7 | 0.77 | ||||
Neu 6, 103 µL−1 | CTR | 3.3 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 4.7 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 0.61 | 0.52 | <0.01 | 0.69 |
IMS | 4.0 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 0.61 | ||||
Lym 7, 103 µL−1 | CTR | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 0.59 | 0.56 | <0.01 | 0.04 |
IMS | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 0.61 | ||||
HGB 8, g dL−1 | CTR | 10.8 | 11.4 | 10.6 | 11.0 | 10.7 | 9.8 | 0.40 | 0.20 | <0.01 | 0.42 |
IMS | 10.0 | 10.5 | 10.0 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 9.4 | 0.40 | ||||
MCV 9, fL | CTR | 48.3 | 48.6 | 48.6 | 51.0 | 49.6 | 48.7 | 1.4 | 0.08 | <0.01 | 0.78 |
IMS | 45.8 | 45.5 | 45.9 | 47.5 | 47.6 | 46.8 | 1.4 | ||||
MCH 10, pg | CTR | 16.5 | 16.9 | 16.9 | 17.2 | 17.1 | 16.9 | 0.47 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.69 |
IMS | 15.7 | 15.7 | 16.0 | 16.5 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 0.47 | ||||
PLT 11, 103 µL−1 | CTR | 323.8 | 273.6 | 280.0 | 305.8 | 313.8 | 420.4 | 38.2 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.84 |
IMS | 354.6 | 348.8 | 345.8 | 412.8 | 357.2 | 437.6 | 38.2 | ||||
MPV 12, fL | CTR | 6.9 | 8.3 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 5.8 | 0.36 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
IMS | 6.1 | 5.7 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 0.45 | ||||
** | * | + |
Item | D 2 | TRT 1 | Days from Calving | SE 3 | p-Value | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−62 | −45 | −21 | −3 | 7 | 28 | TRT 1 | t 4 | D 2 | TRT × t 5 | TRT × t × D 6 | ||||
IL-1 7 | Low | CTR | 3.5 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 20.2 | 18.7 | 6.9 | 11.3 | 0.66 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.13 | 0.87 |
IMS | 5.2 | 9.9 | 13.1 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 9.7 | ||||||||
High | CTR | 13.1 | 21.2 | 33.6 | 52.1 | 55.3 | 23.7 | 11.3 | ||||||
IMS | 20.0 | 40.9 | 39.9 | 51.8 | 59.6 | 32.3 | ||||||||
Total | CTR | 8.3 | 15.5 | 21.8 | 36.1 | 37.0 | 15.3 | 9.3 | ||||||
IMS | 12.6 | 25.4 | 26.5 | 31.0 | 34.7 | 21.0 | ||||||||
IL-6 8 | Low | CTR | 1.34 | 1.61 | 1.27 | 1.92 | 1.57 | 1.91 | 0.39 | 0.97 | 0.06 | <0.01 | 0.10 | 0.95 |
IMS | 1.69 | 1.65 | 1.56 | 1.33 | 1.78 | 1.60 | ||||||||
High | CTR | 1.90 | 2.19 | 1.99 | 2.10 | 2.40 | 3.07 | 0.39 | ||||||
IMS | 2.20 | 2.38 | 1.77 | 1.71 | 2.87 | 2.38 | ||||||||
Total | CTR | 1.62 | 1.90 | 1.63 | 2.01 | 1.98 | 2.49 | 0.31 | ||||||
IMS | 1.95 | 2.01 | 1.67 | 1.52 | 2.32 | 1.99 |
Item | D 2 | TRT 1 | Days from Calving | SE 3 | p-Value | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−62 | −45 | −21 | −3 | 7 | 28 | TRT 1 | t 4 | D 2 | TRT × t 5 | TRT × t × D 6 | ||||
Glu 7 | Low | CTR | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.41 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 1.00 |
IMS | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 1.08 | 0.97 | ||||||||
High | CTR | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.04 | ||||||
IMS | 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.85 | 1.00 | 0.91 | ||||||||
Total | CTR | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.03 | ||||||
IMS | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.88 | 1.04 | 0.94 | ||||||||
+ | ** | |||||||||||||
DLA 8 | Low | CTR | 0.97 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 1.12 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 0.04 | 0.62 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.99 |
IMS | 1.02 | 1.03 | 0.99 | 1.07 | 1.01 | 0.99 | ||||||||
High | CTR | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.09 | 1.13 | 1.11 | 1.15 | 0.04 | ||||||
IMS | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.12 | 1.09 | 1.07 | ||||||||
Total | CTR | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 1.12 | 1.10 | 1.12 | 0.03 | ||||||
IMS | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.10 | 1.05 | 1.03 | ||||||||
+ | ||||||||||||||
LLA 9 | Low | CTR | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.04 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 0.02 | 0.35 | 0.10 | <0.01 | 0.10 | 0.84 |
IMS | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.00 | ||||||||
High | CTR | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.10 | 1.14 | 0.02 | ||||||
IMS | 1.07 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.08 | ||||||||
Total | CTR | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.10 | 0.02 | ||||||
IMS | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.04 | ||||||||
* |
Item | D 2 | TRT 1 | Days from Calving | SE 3 | p-Value | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−62 | −45 | −21 | −3 | 7 | 28 | TRT 1 | t 4 | D 2 | TRT × t 5 | TRT × t × D 6 | ||||
NO2 7 | Low | CTR | 1.02 | 0.99 | 1.03 | 1.11 | 0.96 | 1.13 | 0.07 | 0.96 | <0.01 | 0.74 | 0.16 | 0.70 |
IMS | 0.97 | 0.97 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.03 | 0.97 | ||||||||
High | CTR | 1.04 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.18 | 0.99 | 1.06 | 0.07 | ||||||
IMS | 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.14 | 1.02 | 0.95 | ||||||||
Total | CTR | 1.03 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.15 | 0.97 | 1.10 | 0.05 | ||||||
IMS | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.12 | 1.18 | 1.03 | 0.96 | ||||||||
NO3 8 | Low | CTR | 0.95 | 1.07 | 1.05 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.01 | 0.12 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.94 | 0.78 |
IMS | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 0.96 | ||||||||
High | CTR | 1.20 | 1.05 | 1.20 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 0.12 | ||||||
IMS | 1.14 | 1.40 | 1.13 | 1.02 | 1.11 | 1.23 | ||||||||
Total | CTR | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.12 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 0.08 | ||||||
IMS | 1.06 | 1.20 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.07 | 1.09 | ||||||||
NOx 9 | Low | CTR | 0.98 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 0.07 | 0.73 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.94 | 0.79 |
IMS | 0.98 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 0.97 | ||||||||
High | CTR | 1.14 | 1.08 | 1.15 | 1.08 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 0.07 | ||||||
IMS | 1.11 | 1.17 | 1.07 | 1.04 | 1.09 | 1.14 | ||||||||
Total | CTR | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.10 | 1.08 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 0.05 | ||||||
IMS | 1.05 | 1.09 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 1.06 | 1.06 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Mezzetti, M.; Minuti, A.; Piccioli-Cappelli, F.; Gabai, G.; Trevisi, E. Administration of an Immune Stimulant during the Transition Period Improved Lipid Metabolism and Rumination without Affecting Inflammatory Status. Animals 2019, 9, 619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090619
Mezzetti M, Minuti A, Piccioli-Cappelli F, Gabai G, Trevisi E. Administration of an Immune Stimulant during the Transition Period Improved Lipid Metabolism and Rumination without Affecting Inflammatory Status. Animals. 2019; 9(9):619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090619
Chicago/Turabian StyleMezzetti, Matteo, Andrea Minuti, Fiorenzo Piccioli-Cappelli, Gianfranco Gabai, and Erminio Trevisi. 2019. "Administration of an Immune Stimulant during the Transition Period Improved Lipid Metabolism and Rumination without Affecting Inflammatory Status" Animals 9, no. 9: 619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090619