Waste Disposal Sites as All-You-Can Eat Buffets for Carrion Crows (Corvus corone)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Study Species and Site
2.3. Data Collection and Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgements
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model | Intercept | Predictors | df | logLik | AICc | delta | weight | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
220 | 1944 | 1/ | 4/ | 6/ | 7/ | 8/ | 9 | −9875.68 | 19,769.60 | 0.00 | 0.43 | |||
224 | 1878 | 1/ | 3/ | 4/ | 6/ | 7/ | 8/ | 10 | −9875.17 | 19,770.60 | 1.03 | 0.26 | ||
252 | 1949 | 1/ | 4/ | 5/ | 6/ | 7/ | 8/ | 10 | −9875.42 | 19,771.10 | 1.54 | 0.20 | ||
256 | 1886 | 1/ | 2/ | 3/ | 4/ | 5/ | 6/ | 7/ | 8/ | 11 | −9874.97 | 19,772.20 | 2.68 | 0.11 |
Parameter | Estimate | Unconditional SE | CI | Relative Importance |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 1.921 | 0.070 | (1.784, 2.05) | |
Capacity value | 0.001 | 0.000 | (0.00081, 0.00089) | 1.00 |
Season 2 * | −0.279 | 0.031 | (−0.340, −0.218) | 1.00 |
Season 3 | 0.229 | 0.027 | (0.175, 0.283) | 1.00 |
Season 4 | −0.680 | 0.035 | (−0.750, −0.611) | 1.00 |
Distance to feeding area | 0.00004 | 0.000 | (0.000024, 0.000059) | 1.0 |
Auto-covariation | 0.006 | 0.002 | (0.0020, 0.0094) | 1.0 |
Number or waste disposal sites | −0.011 | 0.001 | (−0.0125, −0.0095) | 1.0 |
Number of animal feeding sites | 0.021 | 0.002 | (0.018, 0.025) | 1.0 |
Daytime | 0.00003 | 0.000 | (−0.000088, 0.000268) | 0.37 |
Distance to lake of Constance | −0.0000003 | 0.000 | (−0.0000034, 0.0000017) | 0.31 |
Survey Point Number/Description | Number of Crows/Site | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SE | Minimum | Maximum | |
ID4/Biogas | 19.0 | 6.7 | 9.5 | 37.9 |
ID9/Biogas | 88.2 | 27.6 | 47.7 | 163.2 |
ID11/Biogas | 14.1 | 5.4 | 6.6 | 29.9 |
ID26/Biogas | 56.3 | 15.0 | 33.3 | 95.1 |
ID27/Transfer station | 46.6 | 16.0 | 23.7 | 91.5 |
ID29/Green waste | 16.8 | 5.4 | 9.0 | 31.5 |
ID32/Biogas | 15.4 | 5.3 | 7.8 | 30.5 |
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Preininger, D.; Schoas, B.; Kramer, D.; Boeckle, M. Waste Disposal Sites as All-You-Can Eat Buffets for Carrion Crows (Corvus corone). Animals 2019, 9, 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9050215
Preininger D, Schoas B, Kramer D, Boeckle M. Waste Disposal Sites as All-You-Can Eat Buffets for Carrion Crows (Corvus corone). Animals. 2019; 9(5):215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9050215
Chicago/Turabian StylePreininger, Doris, Bjoern Schoas, Diether Kramer, and Markus Boeckle. 2019. "Waste Disposal Sites as All-You-Can Eat Buffets for Carrion Crows (Corvus corone)" Animals 9, no. 5: 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9050215
APA StylePreininger, D., Schoas, B., Kramer, D., & Boeckle, M. (2019). Waste Disposal Sites as All-You-Can Eat Buffets for Carrion Crows (Corvus corone). Animals, 9(5), 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9050215