Prevailing Clusters of Canine Behavioural Traits in Historical US Demand for Dog Breeds (1926–2005)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Breed Selection for Cluster Analysis
2.3. Cluster Analysis
2.4. Selection of Titular Breeds and Cluster Clarification
2.5. Trends in Clusters Over Time
3. Results
3.1. Size and Behavioural Features of Clusters
3.2. Trends in Clusters over Time
3.2.1. Maltese Cluster
3.2.2. Weimaraner Cluster
3.2.3. American Staffordshire Terrier Cluster
3.2.4. Great Dane Cluster
3.2.5. Akita Cluster
3.2.6. Australian Shepherd Cluster
3.2.7. Unclustered Breeds
3.3. Behavioural Clusters of the Historically Most Popular Breeds
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Breed | C-BARQ Responses |
---|---|
Airedale Terrier | 142 |
Akita | 210 |
Alaskan Malamute | 104 |
American Eskimo Dog | 69 |
American Staffordshire Terrier | 173 |
Australian Cattle Dog | 372 |
Australian Shepherd | 641 |
Basset Hound | 104 |
Beagle | 318 |
Belgian Malinois | 173 |
Belgian Sheepdog | 58 |
Belgian Tervuren | 129 |
Bernese Mountain Dog | 210 |
Bichon Frise | 180 |
Border Collie | 829 |
Border Terrier | 88 |
Borzoi | 53 |
Boston Terrier | 126 |
Bouvier des Flandres | 55 |
Boxer | 345 |
Brittany | 137 |
Bull Terrier | 74 |
Bulldog | 74 |
Bullmastiff | 103 |
Cairn Terrier | 98 |
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | 144 |
Chesapeake Bay Retriever | 51 |
Chihuahua | 477 |
Chow | 88 |
Cocker Spaniel (American) | 275 |
Cocker Spaniel (English) | 210 |
Collie | 233 |
Collie (Rough) | 94 |
Dachshund | 235 |
Dachshund (Miniature) | 161 |
Dalmatian | 120 |
Doberman Pinscher | 441 |
English Setter | 88 |
English Springer Spaniel | 220 |
Flat-Coated Retriever | 79 |
French Bulldog | 92 |
German Shepherd | 1299 |
German Shorthaired Pointer | 114 |
Golden Retriever | 974 |
Great Dane | 214 |
Great Pyrenees | 94 |
Havanese | 160 |
Irish Setter | 71 |
Irish Wolfhound | 55 |
Italian Greyhound | 54 |
Jack Russell Terrier | 370 |
Labrador Retriever | 1835 |
Lhasa Apso | 80 |
Maltese | 176 |
Mastiff (English) | 218 |
Miniature Pinscher | 133 |
Miniature Schnauzer | 224 |
Newfoundland | 363 |
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever | 78 |
Papillon | 122 |
Pekingese | 51 |
Pembroke Welsh Corgi | 159 |
Pomeranian | 213 |
Portuguese Water Dog | 141 |
Pug | 182 |
Rhodesian Ridgeback | 176 |
Rottweiler | 566 |
Saint Bernard | 67 |
Samoyed | 52 |
Shar Pei | 51 |
Shetland Sheepdog | 344 |
Shiba Inu | 260 |
Shih Tzu | 265 |
Siberian Husky | 283 |
Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier | 325 |
Staffordshire Bull Terrier | 254 |
Standard Schnauzer | 59 |
Vizsla | 103 |
Weimaraner | 133 |
West Highland White Terrier | 112 |
Whippet | 184 |
Yorkshire Terrier | 225 |
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C-BARQ Name | Full Name | Description |
---|---|---|
Train | Trainability | Dog shows a willingness to attend to the owner and obey simple commands. Dog is not easily distracted, tends to be a fast learner, responds positively to correction, and will fetch or retrieve objects. |
StrDirAgg | Stranger-directed aggression | Dog shows threatening or aggressive responses to strangers approaching or invading the dog’s or the owner’s personal space, territory, or home range. |
OwnDirAgg | Owner-directed aggression | Dog shows threatening or aggressive responses to the owner or other members of the household when challenged, manhandled, stared at, stepped over, or when approached while in possession of food or objects. |
DogDirAgg | Dog-directed aggression | Dog shows threatening or aggressive responses when approached directly by unfamiliar dogs. |
FamDogAgg | Dog rivalry: | Dog shows aggressive or threatening responses to other familiar dogs in the same household. |
DogDirFear | Dog-directed fear | Dog shows fearful or wary responses when approached directly by unfamiliar dogs. |
StrDirFear | Stranger-directed fear: | Dog shows fearful or wary responses when approached directly by strangers. |
NonSocFear | Non-social fear | Dog shows fearful or wary responses to sudden or loud noises (e.g., thunder), traffic, and unfamiliar objects and situations. |
TouchSen | Touch sensitivity | Dog shows fearful or wary responses to potentially painful or uncomfortable procedures, including bathing, grooming, nail-clipping, and veterinary examinations. |
SepRelProb | Separation-related behaviour | Dog vocalizes and/or is destructive when separated from the owner, often accompanied or preceded by behavioural and autonomic signs of anxiety including restlessness, loss of appetite, trembling, and excessive salivation |
Excite | Excitability: | Dog displays strong reaction to potentially exciting or arousing events, such as going for walks or car trips, doorbells, arrival of visitors, and the owner arriving home; has difficulty calming down after such events. |
AtcAtnSeek | Attachment and attention-seeking: | Dog maintains close proximity to the owner or other members of the household, solicits affection or attention, and displays agitation when the owner gives attention to third parties. |
Chasing | Chasing | Dog chases cats, birds, and/or other small animals, given the opportunity. |
Energy | Energy level | Dog is energetic, “always on the go”, and/or playful. |
C-BARQ Name | Description |
---|---|
EscapeRoam_77 | Escapes or would escape from home or yard given the chance. |
Rolling_78 | Rolls in animal droppings or other ‘smelly’ substances. |
Coprophagia_79 | Eats own or other animals’ droppings or feces. |
Chewing_80 | Chews inappropriate objects. |
Mounting_81 | Mounts’ objects, furniture, or people. |
Begging_82 | Begs persistently for food when people are eating. |
FoodSteal_83 | Steals food. |
FearStairs_84 | Nervous or frightened on stairs. |
PullLeash_85 | Pulls excessively hard when on the leash. |
MarkUrine_86 | Urinates against objects/furnishings in your home. |
SubEmoUrn_87 | Urinates when approached, petted, handled, or picked up. |
SepUrn_88 | Urinates when left alone at night, or during the daytime. |
SepDef_89 | Defecates when left alone at night, or during the daytime. |
Hyper_90 | Hyperactive, restless, has trouble settling down. |
Staring_93 | Stares intently at nothing visible. |
SnapFlies_94 | Snaps at (invisible) flies. |
TailChase_95 | Chases own tail/hind end. |
ShadowChase_96 | Chases/follows shadows, light spots, etc. |
Barking_97 | Barks persistently when alarmed or excited. |
GroomSelf_98 | Licks him/herself excessively. |
GroomOthers_99 | Licks people or objects excessively. |
OtherStereotypic_100 | Displays other bizarre, strange, or repetitive behaviour(s) |
Cluster | Maltese | Weimaraner | American Staffordshire Terrier | Akita | Australian Shepherd | Great Dane |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n of breeds | 13 | 16 | 9 | 8 | 20 | 16 |
Median breed average (cm) | 22.86 | 36.85 | 38.10 | 53.02 | 54.61 | 64.77 |
Minimum (cm) breed average | 13.97 | 24.77 | 30.48 | 38.10 | 24.13 | 45.72 |
Maximum (cm) breed average | 35.56 | 66.04 | 59.06 | 68.58 | 66.04 | 78.74 |
Cluster | Maltese | Weimaraner | American Staffordshire Terrier | Akita | Australian Shepherd | Great Dane |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Train | 2.28 | 2.49 | 2.52 | 2.35 | 2.88 | 2.60 |
StrDirAgg | 0.95 | 0.59 | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.58 | 0.49 |
OwnDirAgg | 0.36 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.10 |
DogDirAgg | 1.21 | 0.99 | 1.11 | 1.12 | 0.92 | 0.78 |
FamDogAgg | 0.76 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.55 | 0.43 |
DogDirFear | 1.10 | 0.78 | 0.85 | 0.60 | 0.74 | 0.55 |
StrDirFear | 0.97 | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.47 |
NonSocFear | 0.98 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.67 |
TouchSen | 1.02 | 0.74 | 0.69 | 0.79 | 0.61 | 0.51 |
SepRelProb | 0.81 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.43 |
Excite | 2.27 | 2.16 | 2.09 | 1.78 | 2.09 | 1.81 |
AtcAtnSeek | 2.22 | 1.97 | 2.06 | 1.64 | 2.07 | 1.81 |
Chasing | 1.87 | 2.42 | 2.10 | 2.61 | 2.06 | 1.86 |
Energy | 1.89 | 2.10 | 2.13 | 1.66 | 2.22 | 1.69 |
EscapeRoam_77 | 1.59 | 1.73 | 1.33 | 1.96 | 1.02 | 1.20 |
Cluster | Maltese | Weimaraner | American Staffordshire Terrier | Akita | Australian Shepherd | Great Dane |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rolling_78 | 1.16 | 1.49 | 0.88 | 1.01 | 1.13 | 0.71 |
Coprophagia_79 | 0.87 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 0.91 | 0.68 |
Chewing_80 | 0.92 | 0.99 | 1.12 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.81 |
Mounting_81 | 0.67 | 0.37 | 0.50 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 0.22 |
Begging_82 | 1.76 | 1.52 | 1.57 | 1.21 | 1.28 | 1.14 |
FoodSteal_83 | 1.09 | 1.19 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 0.96 | 0.82 |
FearStairs_84 | 0.60 | 0.31 | 0.37 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.47 |
PullLeash_85 | 1.39 | 1.59 | 1.50 | 1.39 | 1.24 | 1.16 |
MarkUrine_86 | 0.66 | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.14 |
SubEmoUrn_87 | 0.34 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.07 |
SepUrn_88 | 0.82 | 0.40 | 0.52 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.19 |
SepDef_89 | 0.67 | 0.28 | 0.40 | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.16 |
Hyper_90 | 0.85 | 0.76 | 0.92 | 0.53 | 0.80 | 0.48 |
Staring_93 | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.66 | 0.49 | 0.39 | 0.35 |
SnapFlies_94 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.15 |
TailChase_95 | 0.48 | 0.25 | 0.39 | 0.51 | 0.31 | 0.27 |
ShadowChase_96 | 0.44 | 0.37 | 0.48 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.28 |
Barking_97 | 2.00 | 1.57 | 1.11 | 0.79 | 1.44 | 1.13 |
GroomSelf_98 | 1.13 | 0.75 | 0.93 | 0.62 | 0.57 | 0.57 |
GroomOthers_99 | 1.18 | 0.63 | 0.96 | 0.49 | 0.62 | 0.39 |
OtherStereotypic_100 | 0.56 | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.23 |
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Wilson, B.; Serpell, J.; Herzog, H.; McGreevy, P. Prevailing Clusters of Canine Behavioural Traits in Historical US Demand for Dog Breeds (1926–2005). Animals 2018, 8, 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8110197
Wilson B, Serpell J, Herzog H, McGreevy P. Prevailing Clusters of Canine Behavioural Traits in Historical US Demand for Dog Breeds (1926–2005). Animals. 2018; 8(11):197. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8110197
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilson, Bethany, James Serpell, Harold Herzog, and Paul McGreevy. 2018. "Prevailing Clusters of Canine Behavioural Traits in Historical US Demand for Dog Breeds (1926–2005)" Animals 8, no. 11: 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8110197
APA StyleWilson, B., Serpell, J., Herzog, H., & McGreevy, P. (2018). Prevailing Clusters of Canine Behavioural Traits in Historical US Demand for Dog Breeds (1926–2005). Animals, 8(11), 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8110197