Exploring Attitudes and Beliefs towards Implementing Cattle Disease Prevention and Control Measures: A Qualitative Study with Dairy Farmers in Great Britain
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
- Behavioural belief (Attitude towards the behaviour)—The belief that a behaviour leads to a certain outcome, for example, a farmer feels that by implementing biosecurity measures, the productivity of their cattle will subsequently improve.
- Normative belief (Subjective norm)—The belief that particular individuals or groups think a person should or should not perform the behaviour, for example, a farmer believes his/her milk buyer thinks it is important that he/she implements biosecurity measures on his/her farm.
- Control belief (Perceived behavioural control)—Someone’s perception of their own ability to perform a behaviour, for example, how able a farmer feels they are to prevent diseases coming onto their farm.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Population
2.2. Participant Selection
2.3. Farmer Recruitment
2.4. Farmer Interviews
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
3.1. General Findings
“I think it’s quite highly likely to get disease in. Especially if you’re buying in stock, which I’m not doing. But dairy farms have an awful lot of visitors and different people coming through, which could potentially be possibly carrying or unknowingly carrying disease. It just takes your neighbours who have got the disease to go and put something in your field. I don’t think we’re immune to it, no.”(F10)
3.2. Behavioural Beliefs
“We have, we are very strict about keeping a close monitoring (of) them, a close eye on the animals so that if there is something that goes amiss that you are there at the beginning rather than you know towards the disastrous stage.”(F7)
“It’s just about being conscientious about your animals’ health status and trying to protect it at all costs.”(F3)
However, the alternative argument was also made in relation to having disease on farms resulting in “protective exposure”.
F6’s experience with the introduction of digital dermatitis into a closed herd: “…there’s a certain amount of resistance that definitely develops with the cows we have now because they have had it all the way through…”
“But, you know, I could spend hundreds of pounds on chemicals to try and keep everything clean, and spend hours and hours keeping it all clean, but at the end of the day the chances are we’re not likely to get that disease anyway, or whatever. Some of the big ones only come every once in a blue moon hopefully.”(F8)
“And quite a lot of those cows are actually slaughtered unnecessarily because the test (for bovine tuberculosis) in cattle is not very reliable.”(F13)
“…Because you can put a lot of effort into it and give yourself ten out of ten for what you’re doing…There’s a lot of backdoor ways or other routes into the farm for disease problems to come that are beyond your control.”(F4)
“…because all of these things are alright in isolation but when we are not really being paid sufficiently for our product to cover all of the time that they then spend, then you know you have to look at that and think well actually you know is it more important to do that or to go in and monitor the cows that are calving in the next field. You have to make day to day assessments of where your time is best spent.”(F7)
3.3. Normative Beliefs
“Er, I wanted to introduce more Jersey into the herd, the vet said breed it in yourself, whatever you do, don’t buy anything in because your herd health status is so high, don’t risk buying in any other diseases.”(F4)
“Well, at the moment it’s just a closed herd, so we’re obviously not bringing animals in. And then if there was a threat of a disease from a neighbouring farm I would speak to the vet and take his advice and go from there.”(F9)
“Well, DEFRA bring out some quite extraordinary rules but they don’t seem to want…they don’t seem to work. They don’t seem to be practical enough. It’s just, a lot of farmers think it’s just to keep people in work thinking up the next rule and regulation.”(F20)
“I mean I suppose DEFRA would like to think it is sort of them but they often don’t make a very good job of it…”(F19)
“Well, in general, I think the public want you to use as little medicine as possible. I think—and they’re probably…generally…they want you to use preventative measures, probably want you to use preventative measures than actual using medicines, I’d say that would be.”(F11)
“Well I think lots of people have got opinions, probably agriculture suffers, more from other people’s perceptions and their opinions derived from those perceptions than any other industry. I mean we all have opinions on the health service and the police service and all the rest of it. But I think because we are, we’ve come from hunter gatherers everybody feels they have got the right to have an opinion on the land, on the way we produce our products from our animals. And I have got no problem with that except for a lot of it is you know a little bit of information is dangerous.”(F7)
3.4. Control Beliefs
“I just take a decision on a daily/monthly/yearly basis which may or may not vary, for instance things altering, there’s a foot and mouth outbreak obviously we shut the farm gate and we let virtually no one on.”(F23)
“If it comes to the push, yes, just shut the gates and stop anybody coming in.”(F2)
“I think really like highly infectious airborne diseases I have got no control over. You know if we get foot and mouth come through, I mean short of putting snipers on the farm borders and shooting everything that crosses across including birds and everything else, you know I mean prevent everything…”(F6)
“If you’re trying to, it’s very hard to try and keep TB out, unless you fence all your farm with ten feet high fences so that the deer can’t come over, dig it ten feet deep in the ground so the badgers can’t bore underneath it and that’s the only way you can stop it.”(F20)
“I’ve had that (Schmallenberg). There’s nothing I can do about that, I don’t think. If it’s midges flying, you know, across the Channel or whatever, and they attack my cows, that’s the way it is, there’s not much I can do with that. So no, I don’t think I can do much for that sort of thing.”(F8)
“Well, we do it, we’re doing our best but um, we can only do so much.”(F20)
“You know, you can only, you can only do so much, you can only do foot bathing and, um, well, nobody really has got the time to wash themselves down with disinfectant.”(F1)
3.5. Specific Factors Encouraging Farmers to Implement Biosecurity Measures
“…If there’s serious contagious disease in or near the farm or not in the farm, in or near, in the country or near the farm then that’s what we would do.”(F23)
“…so we try to keep it away from other cattle. We don’t do anything else I don’t think, too much. The disinfecting side, it sort of was very popular when we were—with Foot and Mouth—but after that it seems to have died a death now.”(F24)
“Well, we have them tested to see what we’ve got. And then we, you know, go by that, rather than just injection willy-nilly for this that and the other. There’s no point trying to prevent something they haven’t got is it?”(F18)
“Biosecurity on a farm is, it’s a bit of a, I don’t know, it’s kind of a tricky thing because we all know what we should do but what actually gets done is very little until you have actually a problem…but if there was an outbreak I’d have a foot dipper, a wheel wash up. So biosecurity is kind of, it’s doing the least possible when necessary.”(F6)
“And then if there was a threat of a disease from a neighbouring farm I would speak to the vet and take his advice and go from there.”(F9)
“If it worked, if it was shown to work. It’s no good making yourself do more work than you have to is there. Farming’s hard enough.”(F20)
“What would make (you take up a new biosecurity measure)—well, if it was guaranteed to do something I’d perhaps do it. If it was feasible and economical and not too difficult. But feasibility and economical would be the best bet. If I knew it was—if I knew it cost me five pounds to implement something and took me no time at all to do it, and it was earning me ten quid, then you’re quite happy, aren’t you, really?”(F8)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Interview Guide for the Farmer Interviews
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Author and Year Published | Citation | Subject | Population | Health Psychology Model Used |
---|---|---|---|---|
Garforth et al., 2004 | [23] | Knowledge and technologies transfer strategies | Cattle and sheep farmers | TRA |
Ellis-Iversen et al., 2010 | [24] | Zoonotic disease control | Cattle farmers | TPB/SEM |
Valeeva et al., 2011 | [25] | Risk of animal disease and risk management strategies | Pig farmers | HBM |
Lind et al., 2012 | [26] | Mastitis | Cattle farmers | TPB |
Delgado et al., 2012 | [27] | Foot and mouth disease detection and control | Cattle farmers | TPB |
Bruijnis et al., 2013 | [28] | Foot health | Cattle farmers | TPB |
Espetvedt et al., 2013 | [29] | Contact with veterinarian (mastitis) | Cattle farmers | TPB |
Garforth et al., 2013 | [15] | Disease risk management | Sheep and pig farmers | TRA/TPB/HBM |
Jaaskelainen et al., 2014 | [30] | Animal welfare and production; farmer disposition | Pig farmers | TPB |
Alarcon et al., 2014 | [31] | Disease control | Pig farmers | TPB |
Delgado et al., 2014 | [32] | Movement ban compliance during FMD control | Cattle farmers | TPB |
Shortall et al., 2016 | [33] | Biosecurity | Cattle farmers | SEM |
Herd Size and Type | Scotland | Wales | South West | South East | Midlands | North |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Small (Conventional) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Medium (Conventional) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Large (Conventional) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Organic | Medium | Medium | Large | Large | Medium | Medium |
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Share and Cite
Brennan, M.L.; Wright, N.; Wapenaar, W.; Jarratt, S.; Hobson-West, P.; Richens, I.F.; Kaler, J.; Buchanan, H.; Huxley, J.N.; O’Connor, H.M. Exploring Attitudes and Beliefs towards Implementing Cattle Disease Prevention and Control Measures: A Qualitative Study with Dairy Farmers in Great Britain. Animals 2016, 6, 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6100061
Brennan ML, Wright N, Wapenaar W, Jarratt S, Hobson-West P, Richens IF, Kaler J, Buchanan H, Huxley JN, O’Connor HM. Exploring Attitudes and Beliefs towards Implementing Cattle Disease Prevention and Control Measures: A Qualitative Study with Dairy Farmers in Great Britain. Animals. 2016; 6(10):61. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6100061
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrennan, Marnie L., Nick Wright, Wendela Wapenaar, Susanne Jarratt, Pru Hobson-West, Imogen F. Richens, Jasmeet Kaler, Heather Buchanan, Jonathan N. Huxley, and Heather M. O’Connor. 2016. "Exploring Attitudes and Beliefs towards Implementing Cattle Disease Prevention and Control Measures: A Qualitative Study with Dairy Farmers in Great Britain" Animals 6, no. 10: 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6100061
APA StyleBrennan, M. L., Wright, N., Wapenaar, W., Jarratt, S., Hobson-West, P., Richens, I. F., Kaler, J., Buchanan, H., Huxley, J. N., & O’Connor, H. M. (2016). Exploring Attitudes and Beliefs towards Implementing Cattle Disease Prevention and Control Measures: A Qualitative Study with Dairy Farmers in Great Britain. Animals, 6(10), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6100061