Rabbit Feces as Feed for Ruminants and as an Energy Source
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Data Sets and Analyses
Reference | Raw material | Diets | Feces |
---|---|---|---|
[23] | False flax a | 3 | 30 |
[24] | Chia b | 3 | 12 |
[25] | Golden flaxseed c | 3 | 12 |
[26] | Spirulina d | 4 | 12 |
[27] | DHEA/Spirulina/fat level e | 8 | 24 |
[28] | Perilla f | 3 | 12 |
[19] | Curcuma/oils g | 4 | 16 |
[29] | Dried tomato pomace h | 3 | 16 |
[30] | Live yeast i | 3 | 14 |
2.2. Comparative Energetics
2.3. Comparative Partial Least Square Models of Digestibility in Forages and in Rabbit Feces
2.4. Calibration and Validation by NIRS
3. Results and Discussion
Feces (F) | Ratio F/C | Crops (C) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | CV | Mean | SD | CV | ||
Composition | |||||||
Gross Energy (MJ/kg DM) | 17.85 | 1.76 | 0.10 | 10% | 16.27 | 0.88 | 0.05 |
Ash (% DM) | 10.37 | 2.58 | 0.25 | −26% | 13.95 | 3.61 | 0.26 |
Crude Protein (% DM) | 15.50 | 1.91 | 0.12 | 18% | 13.15 | 3.47 | 0.26 |
Ether Extract (% DM) | 2.04 | 0.48 | 0.24 | −15% | 2.42 | 0.55 | 0.23 |
Crude Fiber (% DM) | 32.44 | 1.96 | 0.06 | 39% | 23.31 | 9.46 | 0.41 |
N-free Extract (% DM) | 39.78 | 2.69 | 0.07 | −16% | 47.17 | 9.44 | 0.20 |
Residual Fraction (N) | 0.40 | 0.05 | 0.11 | −27% | 0.55 | 0.06 | 0.11 |
NDF (% DM) | 59.81 | 4.54 | 0.08 | 30% | 45.93 | 7.35 | 0.16 |
Digestible NDF (% DM) | 29.99 | 2.44 | 0.08 | 2% | 29.53 | 3.99 | 0.14 |
Indigestible NDF (% DM) | 29.82 | 5.10 | 0.17 | 82% | 16.40 | 8.00 | 0.49 |
ADF (% DM) | 39.59 | 2.22 | 0.06 | 18% | 33.47 | 6.04 | 0.18 |
Hemicellulose (% DM) | 20.22 | 4.23 | 0.21 | 75% | 11.56 | 3.95 | 0.34 |
Cellulose (% DM) | 28.99 | 2.28 | 0.08 | 11% | 26.19 | 5.71 | 0.22 |
Lignin (% DM) | 10.60 | 1.86 | 0.18 | 42% | 7.45 | 1.57 | 0.21 |
Gross Energy (MJ/kg DM) | 17.85 | 1.76 | 0.10 | 10% | 16.27 | 0.88 | 0.05 |
Properties | |||||||
BMP (lCH4/kg SV) | 286 | 10 | 0.04 | −4% | 297 | 8 | 0.03 |
Milk FU (/kg DM) | 0.54 | 0.06 | 0.11 | −19% | 0.66 | 0.14 | 0.21 |
IVTD | IVTD | NDFD | NDFD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Feces | Crops | Feces | Crops | |
Ash (% DM) | −0.081 | 0.031 | −0.042 | 0.063 |
Gross Energy (MJ/kg DM) | −0.048 | −0.030 | −0.131 | −0.053 |
Crude protein (% DM) | 0.108 | 0.152 | 0.091 | 0.130 |
Ether Extract (% DM) | 0.107 | 0.088 | 0.086 | 0.083 |
Crude fiber (% DM) | −0.041 | −0.134 | −0.069 | −0.117 |
N-free extract (% DM) | 0.027 | 0.062 | 0.025 | 0.040 |
ADF (% OM) | −0.133 | −0.158 | −0.163 | −0.149 |
NDF (% OM) | −0.223 | −0.214 | −0.231 | −0.180 |
Lignin (% OM) | 0.078 | 0.024 | 0.043 | −0.004 |
Hemicellulose (% OM) | −0.169 | −0.048 | −0.163 | −0.032 |
Cellulose (% OM) | −0.194 | −0.076 | −0.193 | −0.093 |
XResidual (N) | 0.223 | 0.098 | 0.231 | 0.110 |
BMP (lCH4/kg SV) | −0.129 | −0.070 | −0.095 | −0.046 |
Milk FU (/kg DM) | 0.180 | 0.182 | 0.194 | 0.165 |
R2 | 0.23 | 0.84 | 0.10 | 0.78 |
Standard Error of Calibration | 7.50 | 2.98 | 8.45 | 5.97 |
Mean of experimental | 66.9 | 83.2 | 51.1 | 65.8 |
SD of experimental | 8.5 | 7.4 | 8.9 | 12.6 |
Mean of potential in feces | 74.4 | 50.2 | ||
SD of potential in feces | 3.0 | 4.5 | ||
r | 0.85 | 0.89 |
Variable | NIRS Spectra | Method | Mean | SD | RSQ | SECV | 1-VR | RPD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMP | Feces | Thomsen et al. [32] | 288.6 | 6.01 | 0.53 | 5.28 | 0.23 | 1.1 |
Feces and Crops | 292.2 | 7.16 | 0.87 | 4.63 | 0.58 | 1.5 | ||
Milk FU | Feces | Sauvant et al. [31] | 0.5 | 0.06 | 0.98 | 0.03 | 0.72 | 1.9 |
Feces and Crops | 0.6 | 0.10 | 0.94 | 0.04 | 0.85 | 2.6 | ||
IVTD | Feces | Daisy | 71.6 | 6.37 | 0.86 | 4.90 | 0.41 | 1.3 |
Feces | Potential | 74.5 | 2.88 | 0.91 | 1.65 | 0.67 | 1.7 | |
Feces and Crops | Potential | 77.4 | 6.39 | 0.94 | 2.03 | 0.90 | 3.2 | |
NDFD | Feces | Daisy | 50.1 | 10.36 | 0.64 | 8.32 | 0.36 | 1.2 |
Feces | Potential | 50.5 | 4.44 | 0.92 | 2.43 | 0.70 | 1.8 | |
Feces and Crops | Potential | 55.2 | 10.33 | 0.93 | 3.52 | 0.88 | 2.9 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Peiretti, P.G.; Tassone, S.; Gai, F.; Gasco, L.; Masoero, G. Rabbit Feces as Feed for Ruminants and as an Energy Source. Animals 2014, 4, 755-766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani4040755
Peiretti PG, Tassone S, Gai F, Gasco L, Masoero G. Rabbit Feces as Feed for Ruminants and as an Energy Source. Animals. 2014; 4(4):755-766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani4040755
Chicago/Turabian StylePeiretti, Pier Giorgio, Sonia Tassone, Francesco Gai, Laura Gasco, and Giorgio Masoero. 2014. "Rabbit Feces as Feed for Ruminants and as an Energy Source" Animals 4, no. 4: 755-766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani4040755
APA StylePeiretti, P. G., Tassone, S., Gai, F., Gasco, L., & Masoero, G. (2014). Rabbit Feces as Feed for Ruminants and as an Energy Source. Animals, 4(4), 755-766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani4040755