Understanding Vocalization Might Help to Assess Stressful Conditions in Piglets
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
Sex | - | Male or Female |
Distress | - | Normal (baseline), pain, cold and hunger |
Signal energy | Pa²*s | Energy emitted in the sound wave |
Signal duration | S | Duration of the sound wave |
Maximum range | Pa | Maximum range of the sound wave |
Minimum range | Pa | Minimum range of the sound wave |
Intensity | dB | Sound wave intensity |
Pitch frequency | Hz | Determines the pitch level |
First formant | Hz | First formant frequency |
Second formant | Hz | Second formant frequency |
Third formant | Hz | Third formant frequency |
Fourth formant | Hz | Fourth formant frequency |
Range | Pa | Difference of maximum and minimum ranges |
Sum of the formants | Hz | Sum of the 4 formants frequencies |
Average formants | Hz | Average of the 4 formants frequencies |
F3-F4 | Hz | Difference between the 4th and 3rd formants frequencies |
F4-F2 | Hz | Difference between the 4th and 2nd formants frequencies |
F4-F1 | Hz | Difference between the 4th and 1st formants frequencies |
F3-F2 | Hz | Difference between the 3rd and 2nd formants frequencies |
F3-F1 | Hz | Difference between the 3rd and 1st formants frequencies |
F2-F1 | Hertz | Difference between the 2nd and 1st formants frequencies |
Sum of the differences | Hertz | Sum of the differences between the formants |
Average of the differences | Hertz | Average of the differences between the formants |
3. Results and Discussion
Minimum number of objects per sheet | Accuracy (%) | Kappa statistic | Number of rules |
---|---|---|---|
3 | 79.72 | 0.73 | 7 |
6 | 78.54 | 0.71 | 15 |
9 | 81.69 | 0.75 | 12 |
12 | 80.17 | 0.73 | 9 |
15 | 77.95 | 0.71 | 10 |
18 | 76.97 | 0.69 | 6 |
21 | 75.59 | 0.67 | 6 |
24 | 77.75 | 0.70 | 6 |
27 | 77.75 | 0.70 | 5 |
30 | 77.95 | 0.71 | 5 |
Class | Precision |
---|---|
Normal (baseline) | 0.82 |
Cold | 0.71 |
Pain | 0.98 |
Hunger | 0.69 |
Rule | Description |
---|---|
1 | If the average value of the formants is ≤2,671.99 and the duration of the signal is ≤0.28, then the piglet is in normal condition. |
2 | If the average of formants is ≤2,671.99 and the duration of the signal is >0.28 and the maximum amplitude is ≤0.34 and F2- F3 is ≤1,111.98 and the sum of the formants is ≤9,583.13 then the piglet is hungry. |
3 | If the average of formants is ≤2,671.99 and the duration of the signal is >0.28 and the maximum amplitude is ≤0.34 and F2-F3 is ≤1,111.98 and the sum of the formants is >9,583.13 then the piglet is in normal condition. |
4 | If the average of formants is ≤2,671.99 and the duration of the signal is >0.28 and the maximum amplitude is ≤0.34 and F2-F3 is >1,111.98 and the sum of the formants is ≤9,743.14 then the piglet is feeling cold. |
5 | If the average of formants is ≤2,671.99 and the duration of the signal is >0.28 and the maximum amplitude is ≤0.34 and F2-F3 is >1,111.98 and the sum of the formants is >9,743.14 then the piglet is hungry. |
6 | If the average of formants is ≤2,671.99 and the duration of the signal is >0.28 and the maximum amplitude is >0.34 and the formant 2 is ≤1,612.35 then the piglet is hungry. |
7 | If the average of formants is ≤2,671.99 and the duration of the signal is >0.28 and the maximum amplitude is >0.34 and the formant 2 is >1,612.35 and F3-F2 is ≤958.02 then the piglet is hungry. |
8 | If the average of formants is ≤2,671.99 and the duration of the signal is >0.28 and the maximum amplitude is >0.34 and the formant 2 is >1,612.35 and F3-F2 is >958.02 and F4-F2 is ≤2,419.21 and F2-F1 is ≤1,018.63 and the maximum amplitude ≤0.56 then the piglet is hungry. |
9 | If the average of formants is ≤2,671.99 and the duration of the signal is >0.28 and the maximum amplitude is >0.34 and the formant 2 is >1,612.35 and F3-F2 is >958.02 and F4-F2 is ≤2,419.21 and F2-F1 is ≤1,018.63 and the maximum amplitude is >0.56 then the piglet is feeling cold. |
10 | If the average of formants is ≤2,671.99 and the duration of the signal is >0.28 and the maximum amplitude is >0.34 and the formant 2 is >1,612.35 and F3-F2 is >958.02 and F4-F2 is ≤2,419.21 and F2-F1 is >1,018.63 then the piglet is feeling cold. |
11 | If the average of formants is ≤2,671.99 and the duration of the signal is >0.28 and the maximum amplitude is >0.34 and the formant 2 is >1,612.35 and F3-F2 is >958.02 and F4-F2 is >2,419.21 then the piglet is feeling cold. |
12 | If the average of formant is >2,671.99 then the piglet is in pain. |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Da Silva Cordeiro, A.F.; De Alencar Nääs, I.; Oliveira, S.R.M.; Violaro, F.; De Almeida, A.C.M.; Neves, D.P. Understanding Vocalization Might Help to Assess Stressful Conditions in Piglets. Animals 2013, 3, 923-934. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani3030923
Da Silva Cordeiro AF, De Alencar Nääs I, Oliveira SRM, Violaro F, De Almeida ACM, Neves DP. Understanding Vocalization Might Help to Assess Stressful Conditions in Piglets. Animals. 2013; 3(3):923-934. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani3030923
Chicago/Turabian StyleDa Silva Cordeiro, Alexandra Ferreira, Irenilza De Alencar Nääs, Stanley R. M. Oliveira, Fabio Violaro, Andréia C. M. De Almeida, and Diego Pereira Neves. 2013. "Understanding Vocalization Might Help to Assess Stressful Conditions in Piglets" Animals 3, no. 3: 923-934. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani3030923