Pre-Calving and Calving Management Practices in Dairy Herds with a History of High or Low Bovine Perinatal Mortality
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Collection and Analysis
Bovine perinatal mortality (0-2 day calf death) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Farmer name | Address. | |||||||
Mobile No. | Herd No. | ICBF client: Yes-No | ||||||
Calving pattern: Spring, Spring and Autumn, Autumn, Other (Circle one) | ||||||||
Heifers | Cows | |||||||
Breeds: | ||||||||
Sire breeds used on: | ||||||||
Heifer feeding and minerals pre calving: | ||||||||
Body condition score heifers precalving: thin (<3), good (3-3.5), fat (>3.5) | ||||||||
Dry Cows feeding and minerals pre calving: | ||||||||
Body condition score cows precalving: thin (<3), good (3-3.5), fat (>3.5) | ||||||||
Month of Vaccinations: | Heifers | Cows | ||||||
BVD | ||||||||
Lepto | ||||||||
Salmonella | ||||||||
IBR | ||||||||
When animals move to calving unit precalving: ≥2 days, 1 day, 12-24h, 6-12h, point of calving | ||||||||
Where are animals calved: individual pen, group pen, tie- ups, pad | ||||||||
How often are animals checked for signs of calving: every >12, 6-12, 4-6, 2-4, 1-2 hours | ||||||||
How long do leave heifers and cows with the calfs' legs out before you assist? | ||||||||
Heifers: | Cows: | |||||||
Do you use a calving aid: calving jack, pulley, other-specify | ||||||||
How many farm personnel manage calvings? | ||||||||
How do you prevent milk fever: | ||||||||
How do you resuscitate weak calves at birth? | ||||||||
How many dogs ___________ and are there foxes________on the farm? | ||||||||
Have you a recent history of BVD, Lepto, Neospora, Salmonella, IBR clinical cases: |
3. Results
Management factor | Year | Factor level | OR | 95%CL | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cow service sire breed | 2010 | AA vs. Je or JexHF | 0.136 | 0.024–0.786 | 0.207 |
Both | AA vs. Je or JexHF | 0.162 | 0.049–0.542 | 0.038 | |
HF vs. Je or JexHF | 0.375 | 0.143–0.984 | |||
Heifer BCS | 2010 | 3.25–3.5 vs.≥3.75 | 71.993 | 5.734–903 | 0.004 |
≥3.75 vs.≤3 | 0.042 | 0.002–0.973 | |||
2012 | 3.25–3.5 vs.≥3.75 | 168.945 | 9.519–>999 | 0.002 | |
Both | 3.25–3.5 vs.≥3.75 | 104.153 | 16.004–677 | 0.0001 | |
≥3.75 vs.≤3 | 0.053 | 0.005–0.530 | |||
Calving unit | Both | Combination vs. group | 10.5 | 1.496–73.673 | 0.004 |
Timing of transfer to calving unit | 2010 | 0–11.9 h vs. >2 d | 8.75 | 1.241–61.681 | 0.175 |
2012 | 0–11.9 h vs. 12–23.9 h | 16.667 | 1.361–204 | 0.096 | |
0–11.9 h vs. >2 d | 11.667 | 1.527–89.121 | |||
Both | 0–11.9 h vs. 12–23.9 h | 12.857 | 2.218–74.536 | 0.007 | |
0–11.9 h vs. >2 d | 10 | 2.452–40.778 | |||
Calving personnel | Both | 1 vs. 2 | 0.267 | 0.072–0.987 | 0.045 |
2 vs.≥3 | 9 | 1.268–63.891 | |||
Calf revival | Both | None vs. straw | 0.075 | 0.007–0.757 | 0.004 |
None vs. water | 0.107 | 0.012–0.984 |
3.1. Breeding
Factor | Levels 1 | HR 2010 | LR 2010 | HR 2012 | LR 2012 | HR & LR 2010 | HR & LR 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heifer breed2 | HF | 15 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 29 | 29 |
Je or JexHF | 6 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 11 | 13 | |
NR, NRx or SRxHF | 2 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | |
Heifer service sire breed | HF | 12 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 22 | 23 |
Je or JexHF | 11 | 6 | 10 | 6 | 17 | 16 | |
AA | 5 | 8 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 15 | |
NR | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 10 | |
GS | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Cow breed | HF | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 30 | 30 |
Je or JexHF | 4 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 14 | |
NR, SR or SRx or NRxHF | 3 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 9 | |
Mo or MoxHF | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
Cow service sire breed | HF | 14 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 27 | 27 |
Je or JexHF | 11 | 4 | 12 | 4 | 15 | 16 | |
NR | 5 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 11 | |
AA | 3 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 11 | |
Other beef | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
3.2. Diet and Body Condition Score
Factor | Levels 1 | HR 2010 | LR 2010 | HR 2012 | LR 2012 | HR & LR 2010 | HR & LR 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heifer pre-calving diet | Grass silage | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 30 | 30 |
Concentrate ration, TMR, Maize or kale | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 8 | |
Straw | 0 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 3 | |
Heifer trace element (TE) supplementation | Mineral powder | 13 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 26 | 26 |
Bolus, drench, injection or block | 12 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 9 | 7 | |
No TE supplement | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | |
Heifer pre-calving BCS 2 | 3.75–4 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 13 | 13 | 14 |
3.25–3.5 | 12 | 2 | 13 | 1 | 14 | 14 | |
≤3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | |
Cow pre-calving diet | Grass silage | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 30 | 30 |
Straw | 0 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 3 | |
Concentrate ration or TMR or fodder beet | 2 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 7 | |
Cow trace element (TE) supplementation | Mineral powder | 13 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 27 | 28 |
Bolus, drench, injection or block | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | |
No TE supplement | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
Cow pre-calving BCS | 3.75–4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
3.25–3.5 | 14 | 12 | 14 | 12 | 26 | 26 | |
≤3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
3.3. Endemic Infectious Diseases
Factor | Levels 1 | HR 2010 | LR 2010 | HR 2012 | LR 2012 | HR & LR 2010 | HR & LR 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heifer vaccination | BVD 2 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 20 | 21 |
Leptospira | 14 | 12 | 15 | 11 | 26 | 26 | |
Salmonella | 12 | 8 | 14 | 12 | 20 | 26 | |
IBR 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 9 | |
Cow vaccination | BVD | 10 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 20 | 21 |
Leptospira | 14 | 12 | 15 | 12 | 26 | 27 | |
Salmonella | 11 | 7 | 14 | 12 | 18 | 26 | |
IBR | 2 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 9 | |
Dogs on farm | Yes | 12 | 9 | 12 | 9 | 21 | 21 |
No | 3 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 9 | |
Foxes on farm | Yes | 13 | 10 | 14 | 11 | 23 | 25 |
Unknown | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | |
No | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | |
Recent clinical problems | BVD | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 |
Salmonella | 5 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 10 | |
Neospora | 3 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 | |
Leptospira | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
IBR | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
None | 8 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 18 | 16 |
3.4. Calving Management
Factor | Levels 1 | HR 2010 | LR 2010 | HR 2012 | LR 2012 | HR & LR 2010 | HR & LR 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calving unit | Individual pen | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 15 | 14 |
Group pen | 2 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 9 | |
Outdoor pad | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 2 | |
Combination | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 5 | |
Timing of transfer of animals to calving unit | ≥2 days | 2 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 9 |
1 day | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
12 h to <23.9 h | 1 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 6 | |
0–11.9 h | 10 | 4 | 10 | 3 | 14 | 13 | |
No transfer | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Observation interval for calving signs | ≥6 h | 3 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 7 |
4 h to 5.9 h | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
2 h–3.9 h | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 18 | 18 | |
1 h–1.9 h | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
Time to assist heifers after legs appear | >2 h | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 |
≤2 h | 13 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 24 | 24 | |
Time to assist cows after legs appear | >2 h | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 10 |
≤2 h | 9 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 20 | 20 | |
Calving aid | Calf puller | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 30 | 30 |
Other aid | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | |
Calving personnel (no.) | ≥3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
2 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 8 | |
1 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 18 | 18 | |
Calf revival | Water in ear | 6 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 12 | 14 |
Straw in nostrils | 5 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 8 | |
Reviving products | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | |
Other physical revival | 6 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 14 | 16 | |
None | 1 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 4 | |
Milk fever control | Powdered minerals | 8 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 14 | 13 |
Therapy only | 4 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 11 | |
Other control | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 6 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mee, J.F.; Grant, J.; Sánchez-Miguel, C.; Doherty, M. Pre-Calving and Calving Management Practices in Dairy Herds with a History of High or Low Bovine Perinatal Mortality. Animals 2013, 3, 866-881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani3030866
Mee JF, Grant J, Sánchez-Miguel C, Doherty M. Pre-Calving and Calving Management Practices in Dairy Herds with a History of High or Low Bovine Perinatal Mortality. Animals. 2013; 3(3):866-881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani3030866
Chicago/Turabian StyleMee, John F., Jim Grant, Cosme Sánchez-Miguel, and Michael Doherty. 2013. "Pre-Calving and Calving Management Practices in Dairy Herds with a History of High or Low Bovine Perinatal Mortality" Animals 3, no. 3: 866-881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani3030866
APA StyleMee, J. F., Grant, J., Sánchez-Miguel, C., & Doherty, M. (2013). Pre-Calving and Calving Management Practices in Dairy Herds with a History of High or Low Bovine Perinatal Mortality. Animals, 3(3), 866-881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani3030866