Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Prototheca Species Isolates Associated with Bovine Mastitis Cases in Chile †
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Origin
2.2. Prototheca spp. Isolation
2.3. Molecular Identification of Prototheca Species
2.3.1. DNA Extraction and Amplification of Prototheca spp. Cytb Partial Gen
2.3.2. Phylogenetic Analysis
2.4. RAPD-PCR Genotyping
2.5. Antibiotic Susceptibility
2.6. Biofilm Formation
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prototheca Isolation
3.2. Molecular Identification of Prototheca Species
3.2.1. DNA Extraction and Amplification of Prototheca spp. Cytb Partial Gene
3.2.2. Phylogenetic Analysis
3.3. RAPD-PCR Genotyping
3.4. Antibiotic Susceptibility
3.5. Biofilm Formation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
DNAr | Ribosomal DNA |
BLASTn | Basic Local Alignment Nucleotide Search tool |
CFU | Colony Forming Units |
cytb | Cytochrome b gene |
PCR | Polymerase Chain Reaction |
RAPD-PCR | Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA–Polymerase Chain Reaction |
SAG | Culture Collection of Algae |
MY | Lincomycin |
CIP | Ciprofloxacin |
ENR | Enrofloxacin |
AML | Amoxicillin |
P | Penicillin |
AMP | Ampicillin |
SXT | Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim |
CT | Colistin Sulfate |
NET | Netilmicin |
K | Kanamycin |
CN | Gentamicin |
ML | Maximum Likelihood Method for phylogenetic inference |
BY | Bayesian Inference for phylogenetic inference |
UPGMA | Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean |
SDA | Sabouraud Dextrose Agar |
SDB | Sabouraud Dextrose Broth |
PIM | Prototheca Isolation Medium |
NMC | National Mastitis Council |
CLSI | Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute |
Appendix A
Isolate | Species | Farm | MY | CIP | ENR | AML | P | AMP | SXT | CT | NET | K | CN | Biofilm | RAPD-PCR Genotype | Mastitis Type | Sample Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 ORO | P. bovis | A | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 14 | SCM | Individual milk |
2 ORO | P. bovis | A | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 1 | SCM | Individual milk |
6 ORO | P. bovis | A | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 15 | SCM | Individual milk |
3 LP | P. ciferrii | B | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | SCM | Individual milk | |
4 QUI | P. bovis | C | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | W | 2 | MC | Individual milk |
5 QUI | P. bovis | C | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | W | 1 | MC | Individual milk |
11 QUI | P. bovis | C | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 2 | CM | Individual milk |
12 QUI | P. bovis | C | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | W | 2 | SCM | Individual milk |
13 QUI | P. bovis | C | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | N | 3 | CM | Individual milk |
14 QUI | P. bovis | C | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 5 | CM | Individual milk |
16 QUI | P. bovis | C | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | W | 4 | CM | Individual milk |
7 SG | P. bovis | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 3 | CM | Individual milk |
8 CAF | P. bovis | E | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 2 | - | Individual milk |
9 CAF | P. bovis | E | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 1 | - | Individual milk |
10 COL | P. bovis | F | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 11 | CM | Individual milk |
15 LL | P. bovis | G | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | W | 9 | CM | Individual milk |
6 AN | P. bovis | H | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 3 | - | Bulk tank milk |
7 AN | P. bovis | H | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 3 | - | Bulk tank milk |
8AN | P. bovis | H | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 1 | - | Bulk tank milk |
17 AN | P. bovis | H | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 7 | SCM | Individual milk |
18 AN | P. bovis | H | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 7 | CM | Individual milk |
19 AN | P. bovis | H | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 2 | CM | Individual milk |
20 AN | P. bovis | H | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 8 | SCM | Individual milk |
21 AN | P. bovis | H | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 2 | CM | Individual milk |
22 AN | P. bovis | H | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 5 | CM | Individual milk |
23 AN | P. bovis | H | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 3 | CM | Individual milk |
1LV | P. bovis | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 1 | - | Bulk tank milk |
2LV | P. bovis | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 3 | - | Bulk tank milk |
3LV | P. bovis | I | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 2 | - | Bulk tank milk |
4 SS | P. bovis | J | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 2 | - | Bulk tank milk |
5 SS | P. bovis | J | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | N | 6 | - | Bulk tank milk |
9 SS | P. bovis | J | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 1 | - | Bulk tank milk |
10 SS | P. bovis | J | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 2 | - | Bulk tank milk |
11 SS | P. bovis | J | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 5 | - | Bulk tank milk |
12 PA | P. bovis | K | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | W | 1 | - | Bulk tank milk |
13 PA | P. bovis | K | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | W | 1 | - | Bulk tank milk |
14 | P. bovis | L | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 5 | - | Bulk tank milk |
15 CM | P. bovis | M | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 2 | - | Bulk tank milk |
16 R | P. bovis | N | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | W | 1 | - | Bulk tank milk |
P4 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | M | 3 | CM | Individual milk |
P12 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 1 | CM | Individual milk |
P15 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 3 | CM | Individual milk |
P18 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 1 | CM | Individual milk |
P19 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 2 | CM | Individual milk |
P21 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 1 | CM | Individual milk |
P22 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | M | 2 | CM | Individual milk |
P23 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 1 | CM | Individual milk |
P25 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 15 | CM | Individual milk |
P26 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | M | 2 | CM | Individual milk |
P30 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 1 | CM | Individual milk |
P31 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | M | 13 | CM | Individual milk |
P33 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 1 | CM | Individual milk |
P35 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 2 | CM | Individual milk |
P38 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | M | 16 | CM | Individual milk |
P39 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 2 | CM | Individual milk |
P40 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 1 | CM | Individual milk |
P42 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | M | 2 | CM | Individual milk |
P43 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 1 | CM | Individual milk |
P45 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 2 | CM | Individual milk |
P47 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 10 | CM | Individual milk |
P49 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | M | 18 | CM | Individual milk |
P53 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 17 | CM | Individual milk |
P54 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | W | 16 | CM | Individual milk |
P55 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | M | 13 | CM | Individual milk |
P58 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | M | 12 | CM | Individual milk |
P59 | P. bovis | O | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | S | M | 13 | CM | Individual milk |
Accession Number | Isolated | Distance Matrix 100% |
---|---|---|
PV768537 | 1LV | 1ORO; 2LV; 3LV; 4SS; 5SS; 6AN; 6ORO; 7AN; 8AN; 8CAF; 9CAF; 9SS; 10COL; 10SS; 11QUI; 11SS; 13PA; 14BTM; 15CM; 15LL; 16R; 18AN; 20AN; 23AN; P4; P18; P19; P21; P22; P23; P25; P26; P30; P31; P35; P38; P39; P40; P42; P43; P45; P47; P49; P53; P54; P55; P58; P59; 7SG; 12PA; 13QUI; 17AN; 19AN; 22AN |
PV768539 | 5QUI | 4QUI; 12QUI; 14QUI; 16ORO |
PV768538 | P33 | |
PV768540 | 21AN | 2ORO |
PV768541 | P12 | |
PV768542 | P15 | |
PV768543 | 3LP |
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Species | Isolate Type | Biofilm Production | Number of Isolates (%) | OD 490 Range * |
---|---|---|---|---|
P. bovis | Field (n = 65) | Moderate | 10 (15.4%) | 0.176–0.293 |
Weak | 53 (81.5%) | 0.070–0.149 | ||
Non-producer | 2 (3.1%) | <0.078 | ||
Reference ** | Weak | 1 (100%) | 0.096 | |
P. ciferrii | Field (n = 1) | Weak | 1 (100%) | 0.081 |
Reference *** | Non-producer | 1 (100%) | 0.075 |
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Rodriguez, J.; Sepúlveda-García, P.; Canales, N.; Goddard, M.; Cornuy, C.; Morales, Á.G.; Collado, L.; Mella, A. Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Prototheca Species Isolates Associated with Bovine Mastitis Cases in Chile. Animals 2025, 15, 2869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192869
Rodriguez J, Sepúlveda-García P, Canales N, Goddard M, Cornuy C, Morales ÁG, Collado L, Mella A. Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Prototheca Species Isolates Associated with Bovine Mastitis Cases in Chile. Animals. 2025; 15(19):2869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192869
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodriguez, Jaime, Paulina Sepúlveda-García, Nivia Canales, Matías Goddard, Carlo Cornuy, Álvaro G. Morales, Luis Collado, and Armin Mella. 2025. "Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Prototheca Species Isolates Associated with Bovine Mastitis Cases in Chile" Animals 15, no. 19: 2869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192869
APA StyleRodriguez, J., Sepúlveda-García, P., Canales, N., Goddard, M., Cornuy, C., Morales, Á. G., Collado, L., & Mella, A. (2025). Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Prototheca Species Isolates Associated with Bovine Mastitis Cases in Chile. Animals, 15(19), 2869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192869