Problem Behaviours and Relinquishment: Challenges Faced by Clinical Animal Behaviourists When Assessing Fear and Frustration
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Participants
2.3. Interviews
2.4. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Views of Fear and Frustration in Relation to Problem Behaviour
“…fight or flight system …, because … something unfamiliar, scary, loud or whatever has triggered a physiological response in the dog….”
“it’s such a difficult thing because … we tend to … give names to these kind of emotions and describe them but actually it’s very difficult because I think they are not discrete emotion. How … can you divide fear from frustration for example? Because if they cannot cope in keeping the threat away and they become frustrated …, … so it’s difficult”
“… I would say the expression of an emotion is very individual thing.”
“a normal stress response, but it becomes maladaptive when welfare is compromised and when they are experiencing exposure to perceived triggers of fear regularly.”
“If you look … at the dog that is trying to prey the squirrel in a normal way, you might see … staring, slow movement and so on, and then …where the squirrel is able to get to the tree that might get frustrated …they started to lose all the functionality of their behaviour and just bark jump, barking, jump. And this is something that is not functional. Just an explanation of their emotional state.”
3.2. RQ1 “What Information Do Clinical Animal Behaviourists Identify and Use in Order to Construct a Perception of Fear and Frustration in Dogs?”
3.2.1. Fear
“so an emotional response based around, mainly self-preservation… it’s negative emotional response towards the stimuli that could potentially cause harm.”
“fear is when you want to get away from something, whereas anxiety is where you worrying about it’s going to be there… so you’re worried you’re anticipating something being fearful, so you’re effectively fearful in the moment, but it’s anticipatory fear. So no different things, but you do get you know this commingled thing on occasion.”
“…it’s so widely ranging, I think that it’s almost every single behaviour that an animal can display … in response to fear, so I just don’t think you can even parcel it. You can have appeasement based behaviours,… play based behaviours,… avoidance based behaviours…, antagonistic based behaviour, so … I couldn’t pigeonhole it. I think any single behaviour could be indicative of fear.”
“It’s just clear fear and in some cases it is just clear frustration and you’d have to base that around body language.”
“below threshold would choose to avoid, but once over threshold might choose to go in and fight for it.”
3.2.2. Frustration
“a response to a stimuli (sic) where either the animal has been prevented from achieving a goal or wants to keep hold of something, that is important to them creating an invigoration of behaviour towards further attaining that goal.”
“more forwards than backwards,… trying to interact in some way with that stimulus, whether it be visually or from a… mouthing type perspective, or whether it’s just… whole body closeness”
D: “it’s a very strong negative emotional state again depending on arousal, especially if the frustration and the goal is tied up with avoidance, so they don’t necessarily occur on their own, so if the goal is I want to move away and you’re getting frustration based on the inability to move away then you could certainly have all of these things going on at the same time.”
“it’s not goal directed at the goal because if they know that they’re being thwarted from the goal, they can just push it anywhere”
“I would say that there probably isn’t specific behaviours that are indicative of frustration”
A: “ whining, barking, lunging, pulling, trying to decrease distance, padding of their feet so restlessness. Sometimes growling, snapping, biting or grabbing as well.”
“it would depend if there’s some social aspect, may be that the dog is trying to communicate like if it really wants to get to another conspecific or their favourite person is the other side of the gate and they can’t reach them and they’ve just come through the door.”
3.3. How the Presence of a Given Emotional State Was Determined in Practice
“… sometimes it is actually quite difficult, but you would be looking at the body language…, the choice and…, when things occurred and how they occurred and what the focus of the attack was.”
3.4. How Respondents Applied Their Theoretical Understanding in Practice, and to What Degree This Was a Scientifically Rigorous Process
“if the dog want to avoid it might try to keep …as much distance as possible. But if this animal learned that this is not effective might still… have this fight reaction”
“The stimulus that’s present, its relationship with that stimulus, its history but …the body language can often be very similar”
“so I think it’s really difficult because… I think …I feel it and know it, rather than…, I do read it, but I think it’s almost an automatic oh that dog is frustrated or mostly frustration.”
3.5. RQ 2: “What Processes Are Involved in How Clinical Animal Behaviourists Use This Information to Differentiate Fear from Frustration in Practice?”
3.5.1. The Perceived Importance of Differentiating These States in Practice
F: “this discreet definition of emotion doesn’t fit in my experience honestly. And what you see in an animal is something that is often the result of different kind of… experience it had in the past and different …way of …putting together all the strategy, that it had in the past and so on and sometime is really difficult to distinguish these two emotions, but of course, if you have clear expression of fear we’ve a lot of these autonomic signs”
E: “quite difficult, but you would be looking at the body language and …at the choice and …what, when things occurred and how they occurred and what the focus of the attack was.”
“I wouldn’t necessarily make a distinction between the two. I could say there’s a dog there that’s scared and frustration isn’t playing a huge role at the moment. Or there’s a dog that is frustrated and fear isn’t a big role, but it would just depend on … the context, so the history of the context”…”…but I wouldn’t say distinguish completely between the two.”
“it’s so context specific … that’s why I’m struggling to answer the question, because to me …just giving an immediate label is so, it’s almost a bit dangerous, …I think because we have to we really have to be so aware that we are getting the motivation right so we can approach the treatment appropriately…”
3.5.2. How Respondents Distinguish Fear and Frustration, including Features That Must Be Present or Absent to Allow for This Distinction or the Ruling in/out of a Given Emotion
“…the history, the body language, the context, the sociability of the dog, … how much fear there is?… the ruling out of the medical factors…how the dog is interacted with on a daily basis, what their general personality is so they are fearful or frustrated and …how that dogs been around different situations.”
“… I would take all of them basically and then come up with the diagnosis rather than … just basing it on one the observable behaviour for me is super, super important, but it’s not …the be all and end all”
D “… once there is the ability for them to attain their goal themselves or attain the ECS themselves if that calms the situation down and there’s a good interaction I would then potentially lean more towards frustration and rule out fear”… “avoidance for me would rule out frustration”
E “if the dogs completely avoiding a situation, then they’re not frustrated”
F “I would say a frustrated animal would not tend to avoid but to approach, and a fearful animal will mainly tend to avoid”
G “it’s almost like the ruling out of the things”
3.6. The Quality of the Processes Used to Differentiate Fear and Frustration
“I don’t I guess you could say. I …have them both in my mind and think they just display in different degrees with each other so …definitely have a fearfully and frustrated dog… I’ve got …fear on one side and then maybe … seeking something nice on the other side and frustration is in the middle, overlapping both of them.”
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Research Question to Be Addressed: | Responses Used from Interviews Relating to the Following Elements of the Interview: | To Allow for Assessment of: |
---|---|---|
RQ1 “What information do clinical animal behaviourists identify and use in order to construct a perception of fear and frustration in dogs?” | “What is your definition and understanding of fear/frustration in dogs?” | To what extent respondents had similar or different theoretical perspectives for each of these emotions |
Questions relating to the behaviours used to indicate each emotional state and how they would recognise this state in a dog | How the presence of a given emotional state was determined in practice How respondents applied their theoretical understanding in practice and to what degree this was a scientifically rigorous process | |
RQ 2: “What processes are involved in how clinical animal behaviourists use this information to differentiate fear from frustration in practice?” | How they distinguish fear and frustration The features that must be present or absent to allow for this distinction and which features allow for each emotion to be ruled in or out of a case | The perceived importance of differentiating these states in practice and the quality of the processes used to achieve this |
Fear | Frustration | |
---|---|---|
Context, including triggers | Appraisal D: “as an animal knows how to deal with the fear and can cope with it” Stimulus properties H: “stimulus whatever that might be … it might be noise… visual, … be a mixture of all of those” E: “something unfamiliar, scary, loud” | Appraisal C: “physical barrier or a psychological barrier” F: “lack of proper stimulation, restricted environment, deprivation of exercise” I: “context for frustration, like whether a dog is tethered and doesn’t want to be” Stimulus properties B: “I guess or whether their activity is directed at a particular barrier or some other sort of restriction like the lead, garden fence…” I: “desired object or social stimulus” I: “there’s a ball, it’s rolled under a sofa and they’ve tried to get it and they can’t” |
Behavioural responses, including signals | Behavioural tendencies B: “…looking away. Unless it’s staring at something and they’re trying to go on the offensive to repel.” E: “below threshold would choose to avoid, but once over threshold might choose to go in and fight for it” F: “express the classical biological responses like fight, flight, freeze…” Communicative signals C: “… low body posture, moving away from, things that might be umbrellaed of appeasement- …ears back, looking away, moving away, ducking away, hiding.” E: “Often to the backward leaning body posture, because I think that’s quite good one to be indicative of fear and it helps them with their sort of confusion about fear and frustration.” Escalation in signs G: “this sort of milder lip licking, the ears back, tail low, rolling on the back, this sort of appeasement grin, escalating all the way up to the more aggression, the more overt aggressive behaviour.” Avoidance D: “given enough space there will be avoidance” | Behavioural tendencies C: “whether they kind of give up and get a bit sad or whether they try harder and get more invigorated” D: “higher intensity, repetitive and depending on what we’re goal is sometimes difficult to interrupt” Communicative signals G: “very breed dependent” G: “higher pitch for the sort of frustrated, pro social bark” H: “I see that with the vocalizations …they become more intense the more frustrated the animal gets. …often starting off low level and then seeing that ramping up really.” H: “quite like repetitive movement patterns, sometimes escalating movement patterns for example if they’re trying to access something up or get out of something that they want to be away from that you might see kind of an escalation in the intensity of that behaviour” I: “physical agitation” C: “whole range depending on the cause of frustration and how physiologically aroused the dog is at the time” |
Signs of arousal | D: “in a fear, like a solid fear is maybe elevation of like things that are indicative of arousal, elevation of heart rate, dilation of pupils, heart rate” D: “high arousal state of fear, then they would be raised, but not if there are low arousal state of fear but you could also get the hackles raised for different emotional states as well” B: “physiological so there would there would be highly stressed dogs physiologically.” | F: “Well if you imagine that this dog is really jumping towards barking, and so on, so tense body… he might have increased respiratory rate, but not at the level of this scared animal. You will have an animal that is more control, it’s not…panicking like, …losing control of sphincters or things like that” G: “I think the arousal levels would generally be quite high, in my experience, may tend to be higher, but that’s with any emotional response” B: “over arousal at not being able to get the thing they want” D: “I would say it can be very low arousal. It can be a low arousal level of communication where they’re just trying to say I want this. Or it can be very high level arousal, so all the way through the spectrum” |
Other | Motivation A: “just trying to get away as well so just really trying to increase distance” Learning history G: “how the development of the fear behaviours has got, so whether it’s the dog feeling fearful for the first time they’ve encountered that stimulus, or if they are well practiced at.” General assessment F: “in what context the animal expresses, it really depends on the individual, so temperament situation in which the animal is” Feelings C: “If the dog is scared unless it is really panicking and caught for me it’s more of it be quiet but if they are panicking and caught, then like this shriek, scream type behaviour, you more likely to hear …for a dog that’s really scared” D: “A feeling of vulnerability” Justification/inference to motivation B: “Tucked, lack of movement. Unless there’s stiff and staring at the thing that’s worrying them and trying to repel them.” F: “If it’s really terrified and he’s not able to communicate, you might just see that it’s frozen.” Variation C: “there could be quite a lot of variation depending on their the thing that’s making them scared and the dogs learnt history” Breed and genetics G: “breed and all of that’s going to and genetics potentially are going to have an impact on all of these” Classification H: “defensive fear related behaviour”, “territorial based fear” Style: H: “really fearful of other dogs approaching and becomes more kind of defensive, aggressive” I: “pulled back, fearful ears” | Motivation D: “there is normally a goal in mind… you should have observed kind of a movement towards the goal or attempt to attain the goal or desire initially.” D: “… especially if the frustration and the goal is tied up with avoidance, so they don’t necessarily occur on their own, so if the goal is I want to move away and you’re getting frustration based on the inability to move away then you could certainly have all of these things going on at the same time.” Dynamism H: “whilst the dog is still in that kind of active frustration phase …once they …start to shut down, if that is the sadly is the case then that obviously changes but I think was active so frustration” G: “You might see a more impulsive individual so more forward, trying to act on its motivation.” Temperament J: “frustrated dogs tend to show frustration in lots of different contexts as well” F: “frustration and impulsivity run together” Other emotions F: “different kind of expression of frustration, possibly depending on the individual features, both genetic and learned” Style: A: “Intense” B: “hyper, lots of movement” B: “over aroused” I: “there’s something about the … physical agitation…” I: “agitated, but purposeful” |
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Wilson, B.M.; Soulsbury, C.D.; Mills, D.S. Problem Behaviours and Relinquishment: Challenges Faced by Clinical Animal Behaviourists When Assessing Fear and Frustration. Animals 2024, 14, 2718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182718
Wilson BM, Soulsbury CD, Mills DS. Problem Behaviours and Relinquishment: Challenges Faced by Clinical Animal Behaviourists When Assessing Fear and Frustration. Animals. 2024; 14(18):2718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182718
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilson, Beverley M., Carl D. Soulsbury, and Daniel S. Mills. 2024. "Problem Behaviours and Relinquishment: Challenges Faced by Clinical Animal Behaviourists When Assessing Fear and Frustration" Animals 14, no. 18: 2718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182718
APA StyleWilson, B. M., Soulsbury, C. D., & Mills, D. S. (2024). Problem Behaviours and Relinquishment: Challenges Faced by Clinical Animal Behaviourists When Assessing Fear and Frustration. Animals, 14(18), 2718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182718