Comparison of Conformation and Movement Characteristics in Dressage and Jumping Sport Warmblood Mares Based on Point Evaluation and Linear Scoring System
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
- Overall evaluation (also on a 0–10 point scale) of movement, conformation, type, walk, trot, canter, free-jumping, reflex, technique, abilities (Supplementary Table S3);
- Conformation traits—linear description (“a–i”—9 alphabetical marks) of body shape, body direction, head–neck connection, length of neck, position of neck, muscling of neck, height at the withers, length of withers, position of shoulder, line of back, line of loins, shape of croup, length of croup, stance of forelegs, stance of hind legs, stance of front pastern, stance of hind pastern, shape of hooves, heels, quality of legs, substance of legs (Supplementary Table S4);
- Movement traits—linear description (“a–i”—9 alphabetical marks) of movement traits: length of stride, correctness of walk, length of stride, elasticity, impulsion, balance in trot and canter (Supplementary Table S5);
- Jumping traits—linear description (“a–i”—9 alphabetical marks) of jumping traits: take-off direction, take-off quickness, foreleg technique, back technique, haunch technique, scope, elasticity, care, engagement (Supplementary Table S6).
- -
- Analysis of variance of the traits registered using both systems, with a comparison of the impact of selected factors (sport type classification, assessment district, breed, sire effect) on the results;
- -
- Analysis of phenotypic Pearson correlations between traits in the 100-point evaluation and linear scoring system;
- -
- Analysis of phenotypic partial correlations between traits in the 100-point evaluation and linear scoring system using the statistical model described above for analysis of variance.
2.1. Analysis of Variance of Horse Basic Measurments, Linear Profiling and 100-Point Evaluation
2.2. Pearson Correlations between Traits in the 100-Point Evaluation and Linear Scoring System
2.3. Partial Correlations between Traits in the 100-Point Evaluation and Linear Scoring System
3. Results
3.1. Trait Variability
3.2. Biometric Measurements
3.3. Traditional 100-Point Scoring Assessment
3.4. Linear Scoring System
3.4.1. General Traits
3.4.2. Conformation Traits
3.4.3. Movement Traits
3.4.4. Jumping Traits
3.5. Comparison of the Results for 100-Point Score Assessment and Linear Evaluation
4. Discussion
4.1. Trait Variability
4.2. Sport Type Differences
4.3. Breed and Stallion Effect
4.4. Other Effects
4.5. Correlations
4.6. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Duensing, J.; Stock, K.F.; Krieter, J. Implementation and Prospects of Linear Profiling in the Warmblood Horse. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2014, 34, 360–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koenen, E.P.C.; Van Veldhuizen, A.E.; Brascamp, E.W. Genetic parameters of linear scored conformation traits and their relation to dressage and show-jumping performance in the Dutch Warmblood Riding Horse population. Livest. Prod. Sci. 1995, 43, 85–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rustin, M.; Janssens, S.; Buys, N.; Gengler, N. Multi-trait animal model estimation of genetic parameters for linear type and gait traits in the Belgian warmblood horse. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 2009, 126, 378–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Viklund, A.; Eriksson, S. Genetic analyses of linear profiling data on 3-yearold Swedish Warmblood horses. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 2018, 135, 62–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vostrý, L.; Čapková, Z.; Pribyl, J.; Mach, K. Original Analysis of Czech cold-blooded horses: Genetic parameters, breeding value and the influence of inbreeding depression on linear description of conformation and type characters. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 2011, 56, 217–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vostrý, L.; Čapková, Z.; Andrejsová, L.; Mach, K.; Majzlík, I. Linear type trait analysis in the Coldblood breeds: Czech-Moravian Belgian horse and Silesian Noriker. Slovak J. Anim. Sci. 2009, 42, 99–106. [Google Scholar]
- Vostry, L.; Pribyl, J.; Simecek, P. Reduction of traits for genetic evaluation of linear described traits in the old kladruber horse. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 2012, 57, 160–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thompson, J.R.; Lee, K.L.; Freeman, A.E.; Johnson, L.P. Evaluation of a linearized type appraisal system for Holstein cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 1983, 66, 325–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janssens, S.; Winandy, D.; Tylleman, A.; Delmotte, C.; van Moeseke, W.; Vandepitte, W. The linear assessment scheme for sheep in Belgium: Breed averages and assessor quality. Small Rum. Res. 2004, 2004, 85–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serenius, T.; Sevon-Aimonen, M.L.; Maantysaari, E.A. The genetics of leg weakness in finnish large white and landrace populations. Livest. Prod. Sci. 2001, 69, 101–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- KWPN. Selekcja Koni. [Horse Selection], 1st ed.; PZHK: Warszawa, Poland, 2016; pp. 1–98. [Google Scholar]
- Koenen, E.P.C.; Aldridge, L.I.; Philipsson, J. An overview of breeding objectives for warmblood sport horses. Livest. Prod. Sci. 2004, 88, 77–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rovere, G.; Madsen, P.; Norberg, E.; van Arendonk, J.A.M.; Ducro, B.J. Effect of specialization on genetic parameters of studbook–entry inspection in Dutch Warmblood horses. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 2015, 132, 441–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonow, S.; Eriksson, S.; Thorén Hellsten, E.; Gelinder Viklund, Å. Consequences of specialized breeding in the Swedish Warmblood horse population. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 2023, 140, 79–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clayton, H.M. Comparison of the stride kinematics of the collected, working, medium and extended trot in horses. Equ. Vet. J. 1994, 26, 230–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holmström, M.; Fredricson, I.; Drevemo, S. Biokinematic analysis of the Swedish Warmblood riding horse at trot. Equ. Vet. J. 1994, 26, 235–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holmström, M.; Fredricson, I.; Drevemo, S. Biokinematic differences between riding horses judged as good and poor at the trot Equ. Vet. J. 1994, 26, 51–56. [Google Scholar]
- Lewczuk, D.; Ducro, B. Repeatability of free jumping parameters on tests of different duration. Livest. Sci. 2012, 146, 22–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Druml, T.; Dobretsberger, M.; Brem, G. Ratings of equine conformation–new insights provided by shape analysis using the example of Lipizzan stallions. Archiv. Anim. Breed. 2016, 59, 309–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kristjansson, T.; Bjornsdottir, S.; Albertsdóttir, E.; Sigurdsson, A.; Pourcelot, P.; Crevier-Denoix, N.; Arnason, T. Association of conformation and riding ability in Icelandic horses. Livest. Sci. 2016, 189, 91–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ricard, A.; Pourcelot, P.; Saint Priest, B.D.; Crevier-Denoix, N.; Danvy, S. Genetic of the 3D morphology of jumping horses using geometric morphometrics. In Proceedings of the 70. Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production (EAAP), Ghent, Belgium, 26–30 August 2019; Wageningen Academic Publishers: Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2019; Volume 25, p. 717. [Google Scholar]
- Clayton, H.M.; Buchholz, R.; Nauwelaerts, S. Relationship between morphological and stabilographic variables in standing horses. Vet. J. 2013, 198, e65–e69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sánchez, M.J.; Gómez, M.D.; Molina, A.; Valera, M. Genetic analyses for linear conformation traits in pura raza español horses. Livest. Sci. 2013, 157, 57–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuhnke, S.; Bär, K.; Bosch, P.; Rensing, M.; Borstel, U.K.V. Evaluation of a novel system for linear conformation, gait, and personality trait scoring and automatic ranking of horses at breed shows: A pilot study in american quarter horses. J. Equ. Vet. Sci. 2019, 78, 53–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lewczuk, D. The effect of sire’s breed on three body measurements and body conformation score in Polish Halfbred Horse at the beginning and on the present-day of the breed. Anim. Sci. Pap. Rep. 2005, 23, 171–179. [Google Scholar]
- Zwoliński, J. Hodowla Koni. [Horse Breeding], 1st ed.; PWRiL: Warszawa, Poland, 1980; pp. 1–463. [Google Scholar]
- Ducro, B.J.; Koenen, E.P.C.; Van Tartwijk, J.M.F.M.; Bovenhuis, H. Genetic relations of movement and free-jumping traits with dressage and show-jumping performance in competition of Dutch warmblood horses. Livest. Sci. 2007, 107, 227–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ducro, B.J.; Koenen, E.P.C.; van Tartwijk, J.M.F.M.; van Arendonk, J.A.M. Genetic relations of First Stallion Inspection traits with dressage and show-jumping performance in competition of Dutch Warmblood Horses. Livest. Sci. 2007, 107, 81–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pagan, J.D.; Martin, O.A.; Crowley, N.L. Relationship between body condition and metabolic parameters in sport horses, pony hunters and polo ponies. J. Equ. Vet. Sci. 2009, 29, 418–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holmström, M.; Magnusson, L.E.; Philipsson, J. Variation in conformation of Swedish Warmblood horses and conformational characteristics of elite sport horses. Equ. Vet. J. 1990, 22, 186–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dyson, S. Equine performance and equitation science: Clinical issues. Appl. Anim. Beh. Sci. 2017, 190, 5–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clayton, H.M. The extended canter: A comparison of some kinematic variables in horses trained for dressage and for racing. Cells Tiss. Org. 1993, 146, 183–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Novotna, A.; Birovas, A.; Vostra-Vydrova, H.; Vesela, Z.; Vostry, L. Genetic parameters of performance and conformation traits of 3-year-old warmblood sport horses in the Czech republic. Animals 2022, 12, 2957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schöpke, K.; Wensch-Dorendorf, M.; Swalve, H.H. Genetic evaluations of the German Sport Horse: Population structure and use of data from foal and mare inspections and performance tests of mares. Arch. Anim. Breed. 2013, 56, 658–674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roth, I.T.; Schielke, B.; Rensing, M.; Bernau, M. Comparison of American quarter horses competing in western pleasure, hunter under saddle, and reining using linear traits. Animals 2021, 11, 2861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Viklund, Å.; Thorén Hellsten, E.; Näsholm, A.; Strandberg, E.; Philipsson, J. Genetic parameters for traits evaluated at field tests of 3- and 4-year-old Swedish warmblood horses. Animal 2008, 2, 1832–1841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ducro, B.J.; Bovenhuis, H.; Back, W. Heritability of foot conformation and its relationship to sports performance in a Dutch Warmblood Horse population. Equ. Vet. J. 2009, 41, 139–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hildebrand, M. Symmetrical gaits of horses. Science 1965, 150, 701–708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Viklund, A.; Furre, S.; Philipsson, J.; Vangen, O. Nordic Interstallion–competition data. In Proceedings of the Workshop on “Linear Scoring in Evaluation of Sport Horses–Experiences of Current Practices and Potential Developments, Stockholm, Sweden, 15–16 December 2011; pp. 15–16. [Google Scholar]
- Nazari-Ghadikolaei, A.; Fikse, F.; Gelinder Viklund, Å.; Eriksson, S. Factor analysis of evaluated and linearly scored traits in Swedish Warmblood horses. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 2023, 140, 366–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cadier, A.C. Horses Scored with Two Judging Systems; a Comparison of Results. Bachelor’s Thesis, Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Science, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Sperrle, F.; Viklund, A.; Thoren-Hellsten, E.; Schulze-Schleppinghoff, W.; Stock, K.F. Implications of across-studbook genetic correlations between linear traits for sport horse breeding. In Proceedings of the 67th Annual Meeting of the EAAP, Belfast, Ireland, 29 August–2 September 2016; p. 576. [Google Scholar]
- Clayton, H.M.; Hobbs, S.J. A review of biomechanical gait classification with reference to collected trot, passage and piaffe in dressage horses. Animals 2019, 9, 763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hobbs, S.J.; Serra Braganca, F.M.; Rhodin, M.; Hernlund, E.; Peterson, M.; Clayton, H.M. Evaluating Overall Performance in High-Level Dressage Horse–Rider Combinations by Comparing Measurements from Inertial Sensors with General Impression Scores Awarded by Judges. Animals 2023, 13, 2496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hobbs, S.J.; St George, L.; Reed, J.; Stockley, R.; Thetford, C.; Sinclair, J.; Clayton, H.M. A scoping review of determinants of performance in dressage. PeerJ 2020, 8, e9022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lewczuk, D. Effect of the judge and definition of the trait for horse free jumping evaluation. Archiv. Anim. Breed. 2013, 56, 638–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Godoi, F.N.; de Almeida, F.Q.; Toral, F.L.B.; de Miranda, A.L.S.; Kaipper, R.R.; Bergmann, J.A.G. Repeatability of kinematics traits of free jumping in Brazilian sport horses. Livest. Sci. 2014, 168, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gmel, A.I.; Druml, T.; Portele, K.; von Niederhäusern, R.; Neuditschko, M. Repeatability, reproducibility and consistency of horse shape data and its association with linearly described conformation traits in Franches-Montagnes stallions. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0202931. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sánchez-Guerrero, M.J.; Cervantes, I.; Molina, A.; Gutiérrez, J.P.; Valera, M. Designing an early selection morphological linear traits index for dressage in the Pura Raza Español horse. Animal 2017, 11, 948–957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Druml, T.; Dobretsberger, M.; Brem, G. The use of novel phenotyping methods for validation of equine conformation scoring results. Animal 2015, 9, 928–937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pallottino, F.; Steri, R.; Menesatti, P.; Antonucci, F.; Costa, C.; Figorilli, S.; Catillo, G. Comparison between manual and stereovision body traits measurements of Lipizzan horses. Comp. Electr. Agric. 2015, 118, 408–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-Ruiz, M.; Tarrat-Martín, D.; Sánchez-Guerrero, M.J.; Valera, M. Advances in horse morphometric measurements using LiDAR. Comp. Electr. Agric. 2020, 174, 105510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Trait | Scale (pts) | N | Mean | SD | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | 0–15 | 1547 | 13.40 | 0.56 | 12 | 15 |
Head and neck | 0–5 | 1547 | 3.87 | 0.39 | 3 | 5 |
Body | 0–10 | 1547 | 13.18 | 0.59 | 11 | 14 |
Forelegs | 0–10 | 1546 | 6.41 | 0.53 | 5 | 8 |
Hind legs | 0–10 | 1547 | 6.44 | 0.54 | 5 | 8 |
Hooves | 0–10 | 1547 | 6.83 | 0.53 | 5 | 9 |
Walk | 0–10 | 1547 | 7.26 | 0.58 | 5 | 9 |
Trot | 0–10 | 1547 | 7.13 | 0.58 | 6 | 9 |
General impression | 0–15 | 1547 | 13.28 | 0.51 | 12 | 14 |
Trait (0–10 pts) | N | Mean | SD | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Movement | 657 | 6.90 | 0.67 | 5.0 | 9.0 |
Conformation | 1196 | 6.83 | 0.75 | 5.0 | 9.5 |
Type | 854 | 7.16 | 0.77 | 5.0 | 9.5 |
Walk | 904 | 6.92 | 0.72 | 5.0 | 9.0 |
Trot | 856 | 6.89 | 0.78 | 4.0 | 9.5 |
Canter | 535 | 6.71 | 0.70 | 5.0 | 9.0 |
Free-jumping | 121 | 7.09 | 1.02 | 4.5 | 9.5 |
Reflex | 119 | 7.01 | 1.01 | 4.5 | 9.5 |
Technique | 119 | 6.99 | 1.01 | 4.5 | 9.5 |
Abilities | 119 | 7.03 | 1.08 | 4.5 | 9.5 |
Trait (1–40 pts) | a/1 | i/40 | N | Mean (pts) | SD | Min. | Max. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conformation | Body shape | rectangular | square | 1547 | 13.55 | 5.49 | 1.0 | 35.0 |
Body direction | uphill | downhill | 1547 | 23.27 | 5.79 | 5.0 | 40.0 | |
Head and neck connection | light | heavy | 1547 | 18.70 | 6.89 | 5.0 | 40.0 | |
Length of neck | long | short | 1547 | 18.68 | 6.66 | 5.0 | 35.0 | |
Position of neck | vertical | horizontal | 1547 | 21.45 | 7.07 | 1.0 | 40.0 | |
Muscling of neck | heavy | poor | 1547 | 20.81 | 7.31 | 5.0 | 40.0 | |
Height of withers | high | flat | 1547 | 16.79 | 7.05 | 1.0 | 35.0 | |
Length of withers | long | short | 1026 | 17.77 | 6.16 | 1.0 | 35.0 | |
Position of shoulder | sloping | straight | 1547 | 21.17 | 7.14 | 5.0 | 40.0 | |
Line of back | roached | weak | 1547 | 22.92 | 5.33 | 5.0 | 40.0 | |
Line of loins | roached | weak | 1547 | 20.95 | 6.76 | 1.0 | 40.0 | |
Shape of croup | sloping | flat | 1547 | 15.71 | 6.17 | 1.0 | 35.0 | |
Length of croup | long | short | 1547 | 21.35 | 6.60 | 5.0 | 40.0 | |
Stance of forelegs | over at the knee | back at the knee | 1547 | 21.88 | 5.07 | 5.0 | 40.0 | |
Stance of hind legs | sickle hocked | straight | 1544 | 19.68 | 6.74 | 1.0 | 40.0 | |
Stance of pastern front | weak | upright | 1547 | 19.01 | 5.98 | 1.0 | 35.0 | |
Stance of pastern hind | weak | upright | 1026 | 18.15 | 5.27 | 5.0 | 35.0 | |
Shape of hooves | wide | narrow | 1547 | 20.72 | 7.09 | 1.0 | 40.0 | |
Heels | high | low | 1547 | 22.71 | 6.69 | 1.0 | 40.0 | |
Quality of legs | lean | blurred | 1545 | 16.25 | 7.44 | 1.0 | 40.0 | |
Substance of legs | heavy | fine | 1546 | 24.21 | 6.43 | 5.0 | 40.0 | |
Gaits | Walk length of stride | long | short | 1292 | 17.55 | 7.22 | 1.0 | 40.0 |
Walk correctness | toed in | toed out | 1296 | 19.27 | 5.66 | 1.0 | 35.0 | |
Trot length of stride | long | short | 1133 | 19.12 | 7.07 | 5.0 | 40.0 | |
Trot elasticity | elastic | stiff | 1130 | 20.15 | 7.42 | 1.0 | 40.0 | |
Trot impulsion | powerful | weak | 1095 | 18.52 | 7.73 | 5.0 | 40.0 | |
Balance | carrying | pushing | 1052 | 19.93 | 7.44 | 1.0 | 40.0 | |
Canter length of stride | long | short | 636 | 22.13 | 6.83 | 5.0 | 40.0 | |
Canter elasticity | elastic | stiff | 412 | 21.99 | 6.90 | 5.0 | 40.0 | |
Canter impulsion | powerful | weak | 631 | 19.86 | 7.25 | 1.0 | 40.0 | |
Canter balance | carrying | pushing | 631 | 22.64 | 7.02 | 5.0 | 40.0 | |
Jumping | Take off: direction | upwards | forwards | 139 | 22.12 | 7.44 | 5.0 | 40.0 |
Take off: quickness | quick | slow | 139 | 20.51 | 8.26 | 1.0 | 35.0 | |
Technique: forelegs | bent | streached | 139 | 20.00 | 8.96 | 1.0 | 40.0 | |
Technique: hind legs | rounded | hollow | 139 | 20.85 | 8.51 | 1.0 | 40.0 | |
Technique: haunches | open | fixed | 139 | 20.37 | 8.09 | 1.0 | 35.0 | |
Scope | much | little | 139 | 20.69 | 9.66 | 1.0 | 40.0 | |
Elasticity | supple | stiff | 139 | 22.17 | 9.39 | 1.0 | 40.0 | |
Care | careful | not careful | 139 | 18.02 | 8.19 | 1.0 | 40.0 | |
Attitude | much | little | 138 | 19.40 | 8.44 | 1.0 | 35.0 |
Trait (N) | Sport Type Classification LSM (SE) | |
---|---|---|
DH | JH | |
Height at withers (N = 1547) | 164.46 (0.21) | 164.23 (0.26) |
Chest circumference (N = 1547) | 194.49 A (0.40) | 192.68 A (0.50) |
Cannon circumference (N = 1547) | 20.50 (0.04) | 20.40 (0.05) |
Trait (N) | Sport Type Classification LSM (SE) | |
---|---|---|
DH | JH | |
Type (N = 1547) | 13.44 (0.04) | 13.54 (0.04) |
Head and neck (N = 1547) | 3.89 (0.03) | 3.88 (0.03) |
Body (N = 1547) | 13.24 (0.03) | 13.19 (0.03) |
Forelegs (N = 1546) | 6.39 a (0.03) | 6.30 a (0.03) |
Hind legs (N = 1547) | 6.40 (0.03) | 6.34 (0.03) |
Hooves (N = 1547) | 6.85 (0.03) | 6.80 (0.04) |
Walk (N = 1547) | 7.31 a (0.03) | 7.22 a (0.04) |
Trot (N = 1547) | 7.12 (0.03) | 7.14 (0.04) |
General impression (N = 1547) | 13.35 (0.03) | 13.32 (0.03) |
Trait (N) | Sport Type Classiffication LSM (SE) | |
---|---|---|
DH | JH | |
Movement (N = 657) | 6.78 (0.07) | 6.78 (0.08) |
Conformation (N = 1196) | 6.73 (0.06) | 6.81 (0.07) |
Type (N = 854) | 6.95 (0.07) | 7.00 (0.07) |
Walk (N = 904) | 6.85 (0.07) | 6.77 (0.08) |
Trot (N = 856) | 6.74 (0.07) | 6.69 (0.08) |
Canter (N = 535) | 6.71 (0.09) | 6.70 (0.10) |
Trait (N) | Sport Type LSM (SE) | |
---|---|---|
DH | JH | |
Position of neck (N = 1547) | 21.95 a (0.36) | 20.89 a (0.45) |
Position of shoulder (N = 1547) | 21.81 A (0.30) | 20.33 A (0.44) |
Line of loin (N = 1547) | 21.04 A (0.34) | 22.24 A (0.43) |
Shape of croup (N = 1547) | 16.96 A (0.31) | 15.74 A (0.39) |
Stance of pastern (N = 1547) | 18.20 a (0.28) | 19.17 a (0.38) |
Quality of legs (N = 1545) | 15.51 a (0.37) | 16.55 a (0.46) |
Gait (N) | Trait | Sport Type LSM (SE) | |
---|---|---|---|
DH | JH | ||
Canter (N = 631) | Balance | 21.40 a (0.07) | 23.03 a (0.07) |
Trait | Type | Head and Neck | Body | Forelegs | Hind Legs | Hooves | Walk | Trot | General Impression |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Movement | 0.28 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.16 | ns | 0.50 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.25 |
Conformation | 0.43 | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 0.36 |
Type | 0.52 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.32 | 0.30 |
Walk | 0.18 | ns | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.11 | ns | 0.67 | 0.29 | 0.16 |
Trot | 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.14 | ns | 0.21 | 0.66 | 0.22 |
Canter | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.19 | ns | 0.17 | ns | 0.23 | 0.43 | 0.19 |
Free-jumping | 0.33 | 0.21 | 0.28 | ns | 0.18 | ns | ns | 0.29 | 0.35 |
Reflex | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.26 | ns | 0.20 | ns | ns | 0.25 | 0.34 |
Technique | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.23 | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.17 | 0.33 |
Abilities | 0.33 | 0.16 | 0.22 | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.26 | 0.30 |
Trait | Type | Head and Neck | Body | Forelegs | Hind Legs | Hooves | Walk | Trot | General Impression |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body shape | 0.06 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Body direction | −0.21 | −0.13 | −0.15 | −0.06 | −0.07 | ns | ns | ns | −0.19 |
Head and neck connection | −0.14 | −0.24 | ns | ns | ns | 0.09 | ns | ns | ns |
Length of neck | −0.18 | −0.32 | −0.08 | ns | ns | ns | −0.08 | −0.07 | −0.13 |
Position of neck | −0.15 | −0.16 | −0.09 | ns | ns | ns | −0.05 | −0.18 | −0.13 |
Muscling of neck | −0.16 | −0.21 | −0.22 | −0.09 | ns | ns | −0.06 | −0.17 | −0.24 |
Height of withers | −0.07 | ns | 0.07 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Length of withers | −0.11 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Position of shoulder | −0.24 | −0.15 | −0.17 | −0.06 | ns | −0.05 | −0.13 | −0.16 | −0.18 |
Line of back | −0.08 | ns | −0.25 | ns | −0.05 | −0.05 | ns | ns | −0.06 |
Line of loins | −0.15 | −0.09 | −0.27 | ns | ns | ns | −0.09 | −0.07 | −0.15 |
Shape of croup | ns | ns | 0.09 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Length of croup | −0.19 | −0.11 | −0.26 | ns | ns | ns | −0.08 | −0.08 | −0.17 |
Stance of forelegs | −0.05 | −0.05 | ns | −0.15 | ns | 0.06 | ns | ns | ns |
Stance of hind legs | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.15 | ns | ns | −0.05 | ns |
Stance of pastern hindleg | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.21 | 0.06 | ns | ns | 0.08 |
Shape of hooves/feet | −0.07 | ns | ns | −0.10 | 0.06 | −0.45 | −0.11 | −0.10 | −0.06 |
Heels | −0.05 | ns | ns | ns | −0.02 | −0.14 | ns | ns | ns |
Quality of legs | −0.07 | −0.05 | ns | ns | −0.09 | −0.07 | −0.11 | −0.08 | −0.09 |
Substance of legs | ns | ns | −0.07 | −0.11 | ns | −0.13 | ns | ns | ns |
Trait | Type | Head and Neck | Body | Forelegs | Hind Legs | Hooves | Walk | Trot | General Impression |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Walk: Length of stride | −0.13 | −0.06 | −0.05 | ns | ns | ns | −0.66 | −0.21 | −0.07 |
Walk: Correctness | 0.09 | −0.06 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | −0.06 | ns |
Trot: Length of stride | −0.28 | −0.11 | −0.19 | ns | ns | ns | −0.22 | −0.60 | −0.17 |
Trot: Elasticity | −0.27 | −0.15 | −0.16 | −0.07 | ns | ns | −0.23 | −0.53 | −0.19 |
Trot: Impulsion | −0.24 | −0.18 | −0.19 | −0.06 | −0.09 | ns | −0.16 | −0.52 | −0.24 |
Trot: Balance | −0.28 | −0.14 | −0.15 | ns | ns | ns | −0.21 | −0.47 | −0.24 |
Canter: Length of stride | −0.28 | −0.15 | −0.11 | ns | −0.09 | ns | −0.26 | −0.29 | −0.16 |
Canter: Elasticity | −0.21 | −0.15 | ns | ns | −0.14 | ns | −0.27 | −0.26 | ns |
Canter: Impulsion | −0.21 | −0.18 | −0.15 | ns | −0.14 | −0.08 | −0.17 | −0.33 | −0.21 |
Canter: Balance | −0.28 | −0.16 | −0.17 | ns | −0.08 | −0.10 | −0.23 | 0.33 | −0.17 |
Trait | Type | Head and Neck | Body | Forlegs | Hind Legs | Hooves | Walk | Trot | General Impression |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Take off: Direction | −0.24 | ns | −0.26 | ns | ns | ns | ns | −0.20 | −0.20 |
Take off: Quickness | −0.15 | −0.22 | −0.18 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | −0.23 |
Technique: Forelegs | −0.26 | −0.20 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Technique: Hind legs | −0.29 | −0.23 | −0.26 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | −0.17 |
Technique: Haunches | −0.22 | ns | −0.23 | ns | ns | ns | ns | −0.20 | −0.19 |
Scope | −0.30 | ns | −0.24 | ns | −0.19 | ns | ns | −0.30 | −0.28 |
Elasticity | 0.26 | −0.17 | −0.24 | ns | ns | ns | −0.25 | ns | −0.23 |
Care | −0.24 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | −0.18 |
Engagement | −0.20 | ns | −0.24 | ns | −0.18 | ns | ns | ns | −0.17 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Borowska, A.; Lewczuk, D. Comparison of Conformation and Movement Characteristics in Dressage and Jumping Sport Warmblood Mares Based on Point Evaluation and Linear Scoring System. Animals 2023, 13, 3101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193101
Borowska A, Lewczuk D. Comparison of Conformation and Movement Characteristics in Dressage and Jumping Sport Warmblood Mares Based on Point Evaluation and Linear Scoring System. Animals. 2023; 13(19):3101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193101
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorowska, Alicja, and Dorota Lewczuk. 2023. "Comparison of Conformation and Movement Characteristics in Dressage and Jumping Sport Warmblood Mares Based on Point Evaluation and Linear Scoring System" Animals 13, no. 19: 3101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193101
APA StyleBorowska, A., & Lewczuk, D. (2023). Comparison of Conformation and Movement Characteristics in Dressage and Jumping Sport Warmblood Mares Based on Point Evaluation and Linear Scoring System. Animals, 13(19), 3101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13193101