Seasonal Effect of Grass Nutritional Value on Enteric Methane Emission in Islands Pasture Systems
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characterisation of Bovine Farms
2.2. Determination of Nutritional Parameters
Chemical Analyses
2.3. Determination of Biological Parameters
2.4. Development of Tier 2 Enteric Methane Emission Factors for Cattle in the Azores
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Determination of Nutritional Parameters
3.2. Diet Composition
3.3. Enteric Methane Emission Factors for Cattle in the Azores
Coefficients Used
3.4. Estimation of Enteric Methane Emission Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Mean | SEM | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DM (%) | 12.44 a,b | 16.89 b | 24.89 c | 9.42 a | 15.91 | 2.91 | <0.01 |
CP (%DM) | 21.58 a | 14.62 b | 11.63 b | 22.91 a | 17.69 | 2.35 | 0.03 |
NDF (%DM) | 63.92 a | 66.22 a | 76.71 b | 65.90 a | 68.19 | 2.49 | 0.02 |
ADF (%DM) | 28.01 a | 33.42 b | 37.22 c | 34.23 b | 33.22 | 1.66 | <0.01 |
ADL (%DM) | 2.25 a | 4.64 b | 4.95 b | 5.52 b | 4.34 | 0.62 | <0.05 |
EE (%DM) | 3.20 a | 2.20 b | 1.73 b | 1.81 b | 2.24 | 0.30 | 0.04 |
Ash (%DM) | 12.94 a | 7.90 b | 7.36 b | 12.75 a | 10.24 | 1.31 | <0.01 |
DMD (%) | 64.02 a | 54.98 b | 46.71 c | 65.16 a | 57.72 | 3.74 | <0.05 |
OMD (%) | 57.73 a | 51.83 a | 44.30 b | 61.16 a | 53.76 | 3.20 | <0.05 |
Feeds | DM (%) | Per 100 g of DM | DMD (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CP | NDF | ADF | ADL | EE | Ash | |||
Grass Silage | 31.97 | 12.72 | 60.12 | 39.73 | 5.64 | 3.10 | 11.07 | 61.78 |
Corn Silage | 31.24 | 7.64 | 49.40 | 31.50 | 5.41 | 3.20 | 5.98 | 70.02 |
Calves concentrate | 86.89 | 18.70 | 25.27 | 7.22 | 2.03 | 3.91 | 6.79 | 81.98 |
Finishing concentrate | 87.05 | 18.81 | 27.99 | 8.30 | 2.77 | 3.18 | 6.34 | 81.56 |
Heifers concentrate | 87.85 | 18.93 | 26.78 | 11.69 | 2.35 | 3.57 | 6.38 | 80.84 |
Dairy cattle concentrate | 91.24 | 18.78 | 26.97 | 14.19 | 2.24 | 3.21 | 6.57 | 85.01 |
Category | Coefficients | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Maintenance (Cfi) | Activity (Ca) | Growth * (Cg) | Pregnancy (Cp) | |
Beef Calves | 0.322 | 0.17 | 1 | n.a |
Dairy Calves—Male | 0.322 | 0.17 | 1.2 | n.a |
Dairy Calves—Female | 0.322 | 0.17 | 0.8 | n.a |
Dairy cattle—Pregnant | 0.386 | 0.17 | n.a | 0.1 |
Dairy cattle—non-pregnant | 0.386 | 0.17 | n.a | n.a |
Beef cattle—Pregnant | 0.386 | 0.17 | n.a | 0.1 |
Beef cattle—non-pregnant | 0.386 | 0.17 | n.a | n.a |
Replacement heifers | 0.322 | 0.17 | 0.8 | n.a |
Other bovines | 0.322 | Na | 1 | n.a |
Breeding bulls | 0.37 | 0.17 | n.a | n.a |
Parameter | Calves | Dairy Cattle | Beef Cattle | Replacement Heifers | Other Bovines | Breeding Bulls | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beef Calves | Dairy Calves | Pregnant | Non-Pregnant | Pregnant | Non-Pregnant | ||||||
Male | Female | ||||||||||
NEm (MJ/day) | 17.12 | 15.49 | 15.49 | 43.84 | 37.71 | 45.62 | 43.24 | 28.80 | 36.57 | 50.35 | |
NEa (MJ/day) | 2.91 | 2.63 | 2.63 | 7.45 | 6.41 | 7.76 | 7.35 | 4.90 | 0.00 | 8.56 | |
NEg (MJ/day) | 8.07 | 4.65 | 6.30 | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a | 11.71 | 26.90 | n.a | |
NEl (MJ/day) | n.a | n.a | n.a | 69.84 | 52.38 | 17.34 | 13.46 | n.a | n.a | n.a | |
NEp (MJ/day) | n.a | n.a | n.a | 6.98 | 5.24 | 1.73 | 1.35 | n.a | n.a | n.a | |
DE (as %GE) | Spring | 65.12 | 62.42 | 60.40 | 63.17 | 63.17 | 56.34 | 56.34 | 55.66 | 67.38 | 55.66 |
Summer | 63.32 | 59.79 | 56.27 | 61.22 | 61.22 | 51.23 | 51.23 | 49.72 | 67.91 | 49.72 | |
Autumn | 69.19 | 67.51 | 65.49 | 68.27 | 68.27 | 64.15 | 64.15 | 64.82 | 70.92 | 64.82 | |
Winter | 69.56 | 67.75 | 64.92 | 69.194 | 69.19 | 63.35 | 63.35 | 63.57 | 70.47 | 63.80 | |
REG (%) | Spring | 1.35 | 1.39 | 1.42 | 1.37 | 1.37 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.51 | 1.31 | 1.51 |
Summer | 1.38 | 1.43 | 1.50 | 1.41 | 1.41 | 1.60 | 1.60 | 1.63 | 1.30 | 1.63 | |
Autumn | 1.28 | 1.31 | 1.34 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.35 | 1.26 | 1.35 | |
Winter | 1.22 | 1.27 | 1.31 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.37 | 1.27 | 1.37 | |
REM (%) | Spring | 1.20 | 1.24 | 1.26 | 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.31 | 1.31 | 1.32 | 1.18 | 1.32 |
Summer | 1.22 | 1.27 | 1.31 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.41 | 1.17 | 1.41 | |
Autumn | 1.16 | 1.18 | 1.20 | 1.17 | 1.17 | 1.21 | 1.21 | 1.21 | 1.14 | 1.21 | |
Winter | 1.15 | 1.17 | 1.21 | 1.16 | 1.16 | 1.22 | 1.22 | 1.22 | 1.14 | 1.22 | |
GEI (MJ/day) | Spring | 39.97 | 34.39 | 37.33 | 200.77 | 152.77 | 127.86 | 113.67 | 74.48 | 84.70 | 105.84 |
Summer | 40.91 | 35.73 | 39.69 | 207.16 | 157.63 | 140.62 | 125.01 | 82.23 | 84.22 | 118.48 | |
Autumn | 38.04 | 32.10 | 34.85 | 185.79 | 141.37 | 112.31 | 99.4 | 65.34 | 1.67 | 90.88 | |
Winter | 37.87 | 31.99 | 35.11 | 183.29 | 139.47 | 113.72 | 101.10 | 66.43 | 82.04 | 92.35 | |
Ym (%) | Spring | 6.30 | 6.30 | 6.30 | 6.30 | 6.30 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 6.30 | 7.00 |
Summer | 6.30 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 6.50 | 6.50 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 6.30 | 7.00 | |
Autumn | 6.30 | 6.30 | 6.30 | 6.30 | 6.30 | 6.30 | 6.30 | 6.30 | 4.00 | 6.50 | |
Winter | 6.30 | 6.30 | 6.30 | 6.30 | 6.30 | 6.30 | 6.30 | 6.30 | 4.00 | 6.50 |
Emission Factor (Kg CH4/Head/Season) | Total per Year (kg CH4/Head) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | ||
Beef Calves | 16.52 | 17.25 | 15.72 | 15.80 | 65.29 |
Dairy Calves—Male | 17.11 | 20.14 | 16.04 | 16.15 | 69.44 |
Dairy Calves—Female | 17.59 | 20.75 | 16.44 | 16.56 | 71.34 |
Dairy cattle—Pregnant | 16.79 | 18.32 | 15.76 | 15.87 | 66.75 |
Dairy cattle—non-pregnant | 16.25 | 17.93 | 15.26 | 15.57 | 65.01 |
Beef cattle—Pregnant | 20.52 | 22.49 | 16.72 | 16.90 | 76.64 |
Beef cattle—non-pregnant | 19.28 | 22.00 | 16.33 | 16.19 | 73.80 |
Replacement heifers | 20.15 | 22.34 | 16.26 | 16.44 | 75.19 |
Other bovines | 9.94 | 15.80 | 9.82 | 9.83 | 45.39 |
Breeding bulls | 20.94 | 23.71 | 17.11 | 17.33 | 79.09 |
Emission Total CH4 (t CH4) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | Total/Category/Year | |
Beef Calves | 449 | 469 | 428 | 430 | 1776 |
Dairy Calves—Male | 428 | 503 | 401 | 404 | 1736 |
Dairy Calves—Female | 651 | 768 | 608 | 613 | 2639 |
Dairy cattle—Pregnant | 1326 | 1446 | 1245 | 1253 | 5270 |
Dairy cattle—non-pregnant | 252 | 276 | 237 | 239 | 1004 |
Beef cattle—Pregnant | 698 | 765 | 569 | 575 | 2605 |
Beef cattle—non-pregnant | 140 | 153 | 114 | 115 | 521 |
Replacement heifers | 1007 | 1117 | 813 | 822 | 3759 |
Other bovines | 139 | 221 | 137 | 138 | 635 |
Breeding bulls | 105 | 119 | 86 | 87 | 395 |
Total/season | 5194 | 5837 | 4637 | 4674 | 20,341 |
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Nunes, H.P.B.; Maduro Dias, C.S.A.M.; Vouzela, C.M.; Borba, A.E.S. Seasonal Effect of Grass Nutritional Value on Enteric Methane Emission in Islands Pasture Systems. Animals 2023, 13, 2766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13172766
Nunes HPB, Maduro Dias CSAM, Vouzela CM, Borba AES. Seasonal Effect of Grass Nutritional Value on Enteric Methane Emission in Islands Pasture Systems. Animals. 2023; 13(17):2766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13172766
Chicago/Turabian StyleNunes, Helder P. B., Cristiana S. A. M. Maduro Dias, Carlos M. Vouzela, and Alfredo E. S. Borba. 2023. "Seasonal Effect of Grass Nutritional Value on Enteric Methane Emission in Islands Pasture Systems" Animals 13, no. 17: 2766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13172766