Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Endangered Wild Felines (Felis silvestris and Lynx pardinus) in Spain
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Animals
2.2. Sample Collection and Processing
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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IFAT IgG | Felis silvestris n (%; 95 CI 1) | Lynx pardinus n (%; 95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Negative | 3 (15.0; 0.0–30.6) | 38 (55.1; 26.5–49.4) | 0.001 |
Positive—any titre | 17 (85.0; 69.3–100.0) | 31 (44.9; 33.1–56.6) | 0.002 |
Positive—titre 1/80 | --- | 4 (5.8; 0.4–11.6) | 0.006 |
Positive—titre 1/160 | 1 (5.0; 0.0–14.5) | 5 (7.2; 0.9–13.0) | 0.724 |
Positive—titre 1/320 | 4 (20.0; 0.0–12.6) | 6 (8.7; 2.2–15.7) | 0.158 |
Positive—titre ≥ 1/640 | 12 (60.0; 38.5–81.5) | 16 (23.2; 13.1–32.9) | 0.001 |
Host Species | Serology (n = 89) | Coprology (n = 89) | Tissue Analysis (n = 80) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IFAT IgG | IFAT IgM | Telemann | nPCR | qPCR | nPCR 1 | qPCR 1 | Total PCR+ (Any Method) 2 | |
Felis silvestris | 17 3 | 1 3 | 1 3 | 1 3 | 1 3 | 8 3 | 6 | 10 |
Lynx pardinus | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 3 | 11 |
Total (both species) | 48 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 17 | 9 | 21 |
Felis silvestris | Lynx pardinus | Combined Data from Both Species | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | n+ | % Positive | p-Value | n+ | % Positive | p-Value | n+ | % Positive | p-Value |
Sex | 0.347 | 0.864 | 0.795 | ||||||
Male | 13 | 81.2 (13/16) | 21 | 45.6 (21/46) | 34 | 54.8 (34/62) | |||
Female | 4 | 100 (4/4) | 10 | 43.5 (10/23) | 14 | 51.9 (14/27) | |||
Age | n/a | 0.002 | 0.003 | ||||||
Juvenile | --- | --- | 0 | 0.0(0/7) | 0 | 0.0 (0/7) | |||
Adult | 17 | 85.0 (17/20) | 27 | 46.5 (27/58) | 44 | 56.4 (44/78) | |||
Senior | --- | --- | 4 | 100.0 (4/4) | 4 | 100.0 (4/4) | |||
Capture area | 0.015 | ||||||||
Castilla-La Mancha | n/a | 0.919 | |||||||
Albacete | --- | --- | 1 | 50.0 (1/2) | 1 | 50.0 (1/2) | |||
Ciudad Real | 0 | --- | 10 | 41.6 (10/24) | 10 | 41.7 (10/24) | |||
Toledo | 0 | 0.0 (0/1) | 20 | 46.5 (20/43) | 21 | 45.5 (21/44) | |||
Total | 0 | 0.0 (0/1) | 31 | 44.9 (31/69) | 31 | 44.3 (31/70) | |||
Castilla y León | <0.001 | --- | |||||||
Burgos | 13 | 92.9 (13/14) | 0 | --- | 13 | 92.9 (13/14) | |||
Salamanca | 0 | 0.0 (0/1) | 0 | --- | 0 | 0.0 (0/1) | |||
Soria | 3 | 100.0 (3/3) | 0 | --- | 3 | 100 (3/3) | |||
Valladolid | 1 | 100.0 (1/1) | 0 | --- | 1 | 100 (1/1) | |||
Total | 17 | 89.5 (17/19) | 0 | 17 | 89.5 (17/19) |
Host Species | Region | Animals Examined | Serological Method | % Positive | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Felis silvestris | Andalusia, Castilla-La Mancha, Cantabrian region | 6 | MAT (modified agglutination text) | 50 | [21] |
Castilla-La Mancha | 9 | ELISA | 56 | [34] | |
Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y León | 20 | IFAT | 85 | Present study | |
Lynx pardinus | Andalusia, Castilla-La Mancha | 27 | MAT | 82 | [21] |
Andalusia | 48 | IHA (indirect haemagglutination) | 44 | [22] | |
Andalusia | 26 | MAT | 81 | [23] | |
Andalusia | 129 | MAT | 63 | [24] | |
Castilla-La Mancha | 69 | IFAT | 45 | Present study |
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Matas Méndez, P.; Fuentes Corripio, I.; Montoya Matute, A.; Bailo Barroso, B.; Grande Gómez, R.; Apruzzese Rubio, A.; Ponce Gordo, F.; Mateo Barrientos, M. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Endangered Wild Felines (Felis silvestris and Lynx pardinus) in Spain. Animals 2023, 13, 2488. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152488
Matas Méndez P, Fuentes Corripio I, Montoya Matute A, Bailo Barroso B, Grande Gómez R, Apruzzese Rubio A, Ponce Gordo F, Mateo Barrientos M. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Endangered Wild Felines (Felis silvestris and Lynx pardinus) in Spain. Animals. 2023; 13(15):2488. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152488
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatas Méndez, Pablo, Isabel Fuentes Corripio, Ana Montoya Matute, Begoña Bailo Barroso, Rebeca Grande Gómez, Ariadna Apruzzese Rubio, Francisco Ponce Gordo, and Marta Mateo Barrientos. 2023. "Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Endangered Wild Felines (Felis silvestris and Lynx pardinus) in Spain" Animals 13, no. 15: 2488. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152488
APA StyleMatas Méndez, P., Fuentes Corripio, I., Montoya Matute, A., Bailo Barroso, B., Grande Gómez, R., Apruzzese Rubio, A., Ponce Gordo, F., & Mateo Barrientos, M. (2023). Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Endangered Wild Felines (Felis silvestris and Lynx pardinus) in Spain. Animals, 13(15), 2488. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152488