Personalized Strategy for Animal-Assisted Therapy for Individuals Based on the Emotions Induced by the Images of Different Animal Species and Breeds
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Evaluation of the Emotions Induced by Different Animal Species and Breeds in Individuals
2.2. Statistical Analysis
2.3. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Emotions Induced in the Individuals by Different Animal Species
3.2. Emotions Induced in the Participants by Different Animal Species and Breeds
3.3. Influence of Different Animal Species and Breeds on the Emotions Induced in Individuals
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic Data | Frequency (Number) | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 41 | 82 |
Male | 9 | 18 | |
Highest Level of Education | Primary School | 0 | 0 |
Secondary School | 17 | 34 | |
University Degree | 33 | 66 | |
Civil Status | Single | 14 | 28 |
Married/Living together | 27 | 54 | |
Divorced/Separated | 7 | 14 | |
Widowed | 2 | 4 | |
Occupation | Student | 2 | 4 |
Employed | 37 | 74 | |
Unemployed | 0 | 0 | |
Retired | 5 | 10 | |
Working student | 6 | 12 | |
Professional field | Education | 36 | 72 |
Health | 2 | 4 | |
Law and Public policy | 1 | 2 | |
Community and Social Services | 1 | 2 | |
Agriculture | 10 | 20 | |
Other | 0 | 0 | |
Total Number of Participants | 50 |
Factors | Emotions and Valence | p |
---|---|---|
Animal species | ‘Neutral’ | 0.0001 |
‘Happy’ | 0.0001 | |
‘Sad’ | 0.776 | |
‘Angry’ | 0.705 | |
‘Surprised’ | 0.552 | |
‘Scared’ | 0.009 | |
‘Disgusted’ | 0.626 | |
‘Contempt’ | 0.568 | |
Valence | 0.006 | |
Animal breed | ‘Neutral’ | 0.891 |
‘Happy’ | 0.0001 | |
‘Sad’ | 0.422 | |
‘Angry’ | 0.887 | |
‘Surprised’ | 0.918 | |
‘Scared’ | 0.860 | |
‘Disgusted’ | 0.570 | |
‘Contempt’ | 0.901 | |
Valence | 0.001 | |
Animal species and breed interaction | ‘Neutral’ | 0.986 |
‘Happy’ | 0.621 | |
‘Sad’ | 0.984 | |
‘Angry’ | 0.958 | |
‘Surprised’ | 0.864 | |
‘Scared’ | 0.795 | |
‘Disgusted’ | 0.788 | |
‘Contempt’ | 0.742 | |
Valence | 0.958 |
Likert Scale | ‘Neutral’ | ‘Happy’ | ‘Sad’ | ‘Angry’ | ‘Sur-prised’ | ‘Scared’ | ‘Disgus-ted’ | ‘Con-tempt’ | Valence | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Likert scale | r | 1 | −0.033 | −0.015 | 0.008 | 0.018 | −0.084 ** | 0.013 | 0.078 ** | −0.040 | −0.028 |
p | 0.240 | 0.609 | 0.776 | 0.523 | 0.003 | 0.638 | 0.006 | 0.154 | 0.315 | ||
‘Neutral’ | r | −0.033 | 1 | −0.447 ** | −0.353 ** | −0.174 ** | −0.030 | −0.287 ** | −0.207 ** | −0.115 ** | 0.118 ** |
p | 0.240 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.291 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | ||
‘Happy’ | r | −0.015 | −0.447 ** | 1 | −0.162 ** | −0.087 ** | 0.069 * | −0.015 | 0.013 | 0.075 ** | 0.693 ** |
p | 0.609 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.002 | 0.014 | 0.602 | 0.642 | 0.008 | 0.0001 | ||
‘Sad’ | r | 0.008 | −0.353 ** | −0.162 ** | 1 | 0.010 | −0.130 ** | −0.019 | 0.018 | −0.044 | −0.693 ** |
p | 0.776 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.731 | 0.0001 | 0.494 | 0.522 | 0.122 | 0.0001 | ||
‘Angry’ | r | 0.018 | −0.174 ** | −0.087 ** | 0.010 | 1 | −0.085 ** | −0.054 | 0.026 | 0.013 | −0.335 ** |
p | 0.523 | 0.0001 | 0.002 | 0.731 | 0.003 | 0.058 | 0.362 | 0.651 | 0.0001 | ||
‘Surprised’ | r | −0.084 ** | −0.030 | 0.069 * | −0.130 ** | −0.085 ** | 1 | −0.009 | −0.051 | −0.013 | 0.150 ** |
p | 0.003 | 0.291 | 0.014 | 0.0001 | 0.003 | 0.743 | 0.072 | 0.654 | 0.0001 | ||
‘Scared’ | r | 0.013 | −0.287 ** | −0.015 | −0.019 | −0.054 | −0.009 | 1 | −0.040 | 0.039 | −0.224 ** |
p | 0.638 | 0.0001 | 0.602 | 0.494 | 0.058 | 0.743 | 0.162 | 0.165 | 0.0001 | ||
‘Disgusted’ | r | 0.078 ** | −0.207 ** | 0.013 | 0.018 | 0.026 | −0.051 | −0.040 | 1 | −0.007 | −0.108 ** |
p | 0.006 | 0.0001 | 0.642 | 0.522 | 0.362 | 0.072 | 0.162 | 0.803 | 0.0001 | ||
‘Contempt’ | r | −0.040 | −0.115 ** | 0.075 ** | −0.044 | 0.013 | −0.013 | 0.039 | −0.007 | 1 | 0.085 ** |
p | 0.154 | 0.0001 | 0.008 | 0.122 | 0.651 | 0.654 | 0.165 | 0.803 | 0.003 | ||
Valence | r | −0.028 | 0.118 ** | 0.693 ** | −0.693 ** | −0.335 ** | 0.150 ** | −0.224 ** | −0.108 ** | 0.085 ** | 1 |
p | 0.315 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.003 |
Participant ID | Max of ‘Happy’ Mean | Animal ID No. | Animal | Max Valence Mean | Animal ID No. | Animal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.7366 | 2.2 | Cats | 0.7286 | 2.2 | Cats |
2 | 0.3474 | 1.1 | Dogs | 0.3394 | 1.1 | Dogs |
3 | 0.2078 | 4.1 | Pigs | 0.1698 | 4.1 | Pigs |
4 | 0.0862 | 1.1 | Dogs | 0.0681 | 1.1 | Dogs |
5 | 0.2848 | 1.6 | Dogs | 0.2381 | 1.6 | Dogs |
6 | 0.0152 | 3.1 | Horses | −0.0040 | 1.5 | Dogs |
7 | 0.2181 | 2.2 | Cats | 0.1670 | 2.2 | Cats |
8 | 0.3419 | 4.2 | Pigs | 0.3405 | 4.2 | Pigs |
9 | 0.4051 | 1.1 | Dogs | 0.3975 | 1.1 | Dogs |
10 | 0.3482 | 1.1 | Dogs | 0.3369 | 1.1 | Dogs |
11 | 0.2997 | 2.1 | Cats | 0.2961 | 2.1 | Cats |
12 | 0.0081 | 2.8 | Cats | −0.0107 | 2.3 | Cats |
13 | 0.0412 | 2.7 | Cats | −0.0012 | 2.7 | Cats |
14 | 0.0080 | 3.2 | Horses | −0.0103 | 2.2 | Cats |
15 | 0.0594 | 1.2 | Dogs | −0.0025 | 4.2 | Pigs |
16 | 0.1361 | 3.3 | Horses | 0.0893 | 3.3 | Horses |
17 | 0.2393 | 4.2 | Pigs | 0.2270 | 4.2 | Pigs |
18 | 0.4028 | 1.1 | Dogs | 0.4010 | 1.1 | Dogs |
19 | 0.1469 | 4.1 | Pigs | 0.1102 | 4.1 | Pigs |
20 | 0.4085 | 1.2 | Dogs | 0.3397 | 1.2 | Dogs |
21 | 0.2799 | 2.3 | Cats | 0.2502 | 2.3 | Cats |
22 | 0.7498 | 1.13 | Dogs | 0.7194 | 1.13 | Dogs |
23 | 0.3399 | 1.6 | Dogs | 0.3332 | 1.6 | Dogs |
24 | 0.4035 | 1.2 | Dogs | 0.3860 | 1.2 | Dogs |
25 | 0.4034 | 1.2 | Dogs | 0.28345 | 1.2 | Dogs |
26 | 0.1676 | 1.8 | Dogs | 0.0977 | 2.2 | Cats |
27 | 0.3088 | 4.1 | Pigs | 0.2994 | 4.1 | Pigs |
28 | 0.4284 | 1.2 | Dogs | 0.3971 | 1.2 | Dogs |
29 | 0.0796 | 1.6 | Dogs | 0.0222 | 1.6 | Dogs |
30 | 0.1761 | 2.1 | Cats | 0.1641 | 2.1 | Cats |
31 | 0.0590 | 2.1 | Cats | −0.0116 | 3.3 | Horses |
32 | 0.1314 | 2.1 | Cats | 0.0748 | 2.1 | Cats |
33 | 0.0553 | 4.1 | Pigs | 0.0130 | 3.3 | Horses |
34 | 0.0938 | 4.1 | Pigs | 0.0110 | 1.3 | Dogs |
35 | 0.2546 | 1.11 | Dogs | 0.1807 | 1.11 | Dogs |
36 | 0.0527 | 3.3 | Horses | 0.0445 | 3.3 | Horses |
37 | 0.2049 | 1.13 | Dogs | 0.1345 | 1.3 | Dogs |
38 | 0.1494 | 2.7 | Cats | 0.0686 | 2.7 | Cats |
39 | 0.1802 | 4.1 | Pigs | 0.1268 | 4.2 | Pigs |
40 | 0.4666 | 1.3 | Dogs | 0.4638 | 1.3 | Dogs |
41 | 0.3785 | 4.1 | Pigs | 0.3378 | 4.1 | Pigs |
42 | 0.6317 | 4.2 | Pigs | 0.6042 | 4.2 | Pigs |
43 | 0.4275 | 4.2 | Pigs | 0.4249 | 4.2 | Pigs |
44 | 0.2304 | 4.1 | Pigs | 0.2236 | 4.1 | Pigs |
45 | 0.6481 | 1.2 | Dogs | 0.6411 | 1.2 | Dogs |
46 | 0.5313 | 1.3 | Dogs | 0.5267 | 1.3 | Dogs |
47 | 0.2396 | 2.2 | Cats | 0.2386 | 2.2 | Cats |
48 | 0.5970 | 1.4 | Dogs | 0.5697 | 1.4 | Dogs |
49 | 0.7119 | 1.5 | Dogs | 0.6299 | 1.13 | Dogs |
50 | 0.6317 | 4.2 | Pigs | 0.3889 | 5.2 | Sheep |
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Luksaite, J.; Zokaityte, E.; Starkute, V.; Sidlauskiene, S.; Zokaityte, G.; Bartkiene, E. Personalized Strategy for Animal-Assisted Therapy for Individuals Based on the Emotions Induced by the Images of Different Animal Species and Breeds. Animals 2022, 12, 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050597
Luksaite J, Zokaityte E, Starkute V, Sidlauskiene S, Zokaityte G, Bartkiene E. Personalized Strategy for Animal-Assisted Therapy for Individuals Based on the Emotions Induced by the Images of Different Animal Species and Breeds. Animals. 2022; 12(5):597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050597
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuksaite, Jovita, Egle Zokaityte, Vytaute Starkute, Sonata Sidlauskiene, Gintare Zokaityte, and Elena Bartkiene. 2022. "Personalized Strategy for Animal-Assisted Therapy for Individuals Based on the Emotions Induced by the Images of Different Animal Species and Breeds" Animals 12, no. 5: 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050597
APA StyleLuksaite, J., Zokaityte, E., Starkute, V., Sidlauskiene, S., Zokaityte, G., & Bartkiene, E. (2022). Personalized Strategy for Animal-Assisted Therapy for Individuals Based on the Emotions Induced by the Images of Different Animal Species and Breeds. Animals, 12(5), 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050597