Inclusion Prosopis juliflora Pod Meal in Grazing Lambs Diets: Performance, Digestibility, Ingestive Behavior and Nitrogen Balance
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Considerations, Animals and Experimental Design
2.2. Grazing
2.3. Intake and Digestibility
2.4. Ingestive Behavior
2.5. Metabolic Variables and Nitrogen (N) Balance
2.6. Performance and Carcass
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vaiables (g/kg DM) | Megathyrsus maximus Grass | 1 Ground Corn | Soybean Meal | Prosopis juliflora Pod Meal 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry matter (g/kg as fed) | 368 | 908 | 910 | 936 |
Crude protein | 95.4 | 103 | 401 | 85.7 |
Ether extract | 16.5 | 44.8 | 15.0 | 10.3 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 748 | 109 | 118 | 274 |
Cellulose | 299 | 34.8 | 14.5 | 143 |
Hemicellulose | 380 | 52.3 | 87.4 | 86.0 |
Acid detergent lignin | 69.1 | 22.0 | 15.8 | 44.4 |
Ash | 85.3 | 20.1 | 67.5 | 53.8 |
Non-fiber carbohydrates | 54.7 | 724 | 414 | 577 |
Total digestible nutrients | 574 | 826 | 847 | 825 |
Item | Prosopis juliflora Pod Meal (g/kg DM Total) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0.0 | 250 | 500 | 750 | |
Ingredient proportion (g/kg DM) | ||||
Megathyrsus maximus cv. Massai grass | - | - | - | - |
Ground corn | 610 | 500 | 160 | 0.00 |
Soybean meal | 350 | 210 | 300 | 210 |
Prosopis juliflora pod meal | 0.00 | 250 | 500 | 750 |
Urea + ammonium sulfate 1 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
Mineral mixture 2 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
Analyzed chemical composition (g/kg DM) | ||||
Dry matter (g/kg as fed) | 912 | 919 | 926 | 933 |
Crude protein | 227 | 210 | 215 | 190 |
Ether extract | 72.6 | 68.1 | 56.8 | 50.8 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 147 | 188 | 229 | 269 |
Cellulose | 26.3 | 56.3 | 81.6 | 110 |
Hemicellulose | 62.5 | 66 | 77.5 | 82.9 |
Acid detergent lignin | 59 | 65.4 | 70.5 | 76.6 |
Ash | 49.3 | 57.7 | 66.1 | 74.5 |
Non-fibrous carbohydrate | 504 | 476 | 433 | 415 |
Total digestible nutrients | 840 | 837 | 838 | 836 |
Megathyrsus maximus cv. Massai Grass | Forage Availability |
---|---|
Total dry forage mass | 4052.1 ± 153.8 |
Potentially digestible dry matter | 2780.4 ± 104.6 |
Green leaf blade mass | 1140.8 ± 88.2 |
Dry mass with green stem | 1359.8 ± 86.3 |
Dry mass of senescent material | 1551.5 ± 96.3 |
Variables | Prosopis juliflora Pod Meal (g/kg DM) | SEM 1 | p-Value 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 250 | 500 | 750 | 0 × PJM 3 | L | Q | ||
Intake (g/d) | ||||||||
Supplement dry matter | 175 | 299 | 292 | 325 | 0.05 | 0.001 | 0.24 | 0.32 |
Pasture dry matter | 327 | 275 | 242 | 215 | 0.08 | 0.013 | 0.11 | 0.92 |
Total dry matter | 501 | 574 | 534 | 540 | 0.12 | 0.67 | 0.48 | 0.59 |
Crude protein | 73.0 | 84.0 | 86.0 | 80.0 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.60 | 0.54 |
Non-fibrous carbohydrate | 99.0 | 156 | 133 | 142 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.08 |
Ether extract | 18.0 | 25.0 | 21.0 | 20.0 | 0.00 | 0.77 | 0.01 | 0.18 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 270 | 262 | 248 | 248 | 0.07 | 0.46 | 0.64 | 0.79 |
Total digestible nutrients | 297 | 335 | 301 | 288 | 0.07 | 0.60 | 0.15 | 0.71 |
Intake (% BW) | ||||||||
Dry matter | 1.63 | 1.78 | 1.68 | 1.68 | 0.20 | 0.90 | 0.46 | 0.69 |
Crude protein | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 25.0 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.64 | 0.28 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 0.88 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 77.0 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.63 | 0.87 |
Intake (% BW0.75) | ||||||||
Dry matter | 24.1 | 26.7 | 23.7 | 24.3 | 5.50 | 0.82 | 0.43 | 0.63 |
Crude protein | 3.51 | 3.91 | 3.82 | 3.60 | 0.71 | 0.23 | 0.53 | 0.31 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 13.0 | 12.2 | 11.0 | 11.2 | 3.98 | 0.27 | 0.63 | 0.83 |
Digestibility coeficient (%) | ||||||||
Dry matter | 65.4 | 73.1 | 67.8 | 68.4 | 4.78 | 0.68 | 0.12 | 0.25 |
Crude protein | 71.7 | 78.1 | 77.9 | 76.4 | 5.53 | 0.21 | 0.65 | 0.86 |
Non-fibrous carbohydrate | 75.9 | 87.2 | 81.5 | 84.0 | 6.79 | 0.25 | 0.36 | 0.24 |
Ether extract | 68.4 | 69.9 | 66.5 | 61.8 | 6.31 | 0.55 | 0.08 | 0.17 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 68.1 | 79.6 | 66.8 | 68.3 | 10.6 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.87 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 41.4 | 48.6 | 40.3 | 42.3 | 2.03 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.93 |
Ingestive behavior | ||||||||
Daily time spent (h/d) | ||||||||
Feeding | 7.95 | 7.18 | 7.13 | 7.23 | 0.61 | 0.05 | 0.88 | 0.80 |
Ruminating | 1.45 | 1.43 | 1.25 | 1.41 | 0.52 | 0.78 | 0.93 | 0.64 |
Idling | 1.60 | 2.38 | 2.62 | 2.36 | 0.53 | 0.001 | 0.91 | 0.06 |
Efficiency (g/h) | ||||||||
Feeding DM | 63.9 | 80.3 | 75.1 | 74.8 | 13.9 | 0.33 | 0.44 | 0.71 |
Feeding NDF | 34.5 | 36.6 | 34.9 | 34.4 | 7.42 | 0.91 | 0.61 | 0.88 |
Performance growth | ||||||||
Initial body weight | 23.3 | 23.3 | 25.3 | 24.9 | 5.67 | - | - | - |
Final body weight (kg) | 29.7 | 32.1 | 33.8 | 33.1 | 3.71 | 0.03 | 0.54 | 0.39 |
ADG (g/d) | 70.2 | 100 | 90.4 | 90.2 | 2.89 | 0.21 | 0.66 | 0.99 |
Total weight gain (kg) | 6.41 | 8.79 | 8.51 | 8.21 | 2.81 | 0.21 | 0.66 | 0.99 |
Gain:Feed ratio (g/g) | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 2.90 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.13 |
Hot carcass yield (g/kg) | 389 | 391 | 395 | 399 | 2.32 | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.95 |
Variables | Prosopis juliflora Pod Meal (g/kg DM) | SEM 1 | p-Value 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 250 | 500 | 750 | 0 × PJM 3 | L | Q | ||
N-intake (g/d) | 11.6 | 13.5 | 13.8 | 12.9 | 3.99 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.13 |
N-urinary excretion (g/d) | 4.65 | 5.12 | 4.79 | 3.53 | 3.59 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.33 |
N-fecal excretion (g/d) | 3.28 | 2.93 | 3.01 | 2.85 | 0.67 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.76 |
N-balance (Nretid) (g/d) | 3.69 | 5.45 | 5.95 | 6.54 | 5.59 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.59 |
Total purines (mmol/d) | 9.81 | 14.5 | 13.2 | 13.5 | 4.20 | 0.22 | 0.63 | 0.69 |
Absorbed purines (mmol/dia) | 12.8 | 19.0 | 17.3 | 17.8 | 5.50 | 0.22 | 0.63 | 0.69 |
Microbial protein (g/d) | 58.3 | 86.5 | 78.6 | 80.7 | 25.1 | 0.22 | 0.63 | 0.69 |
Microbial efficiency 4 | 31.6 | 40.9 | 50.6 | 49.9 | 17.2 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.50 |
N-ureic urinary (g/L) | 0.83 | 0.99 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.10 | 0.43 | 0.08 | 0.84 |
BUN 5 (mg/dL) | 6.77 | 7.87 | 7.77 | 7.22 | 1.02 | 0.72 | 0.10 | 0.55 |
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Almeida, B.J.; Bagaldo, A.R.; Soares Junior, M.S.F.; da Silva, C.S.; de Araújo, F.L.; Silva Junior, J.M.; Silva, R.V.M.M.; Lima, M.V.S.; Leite, L.C.; Bezerra, L.R.; et al. Inclusion Prosopis juliflora Pod Meal in Grazing Lambs Diets: Performance, Digestibility, Ingestive Behavior and Nitrogen Balance. Animals 2022, 12, 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12040428
Almeida BJ, Bagaldo AR, Soares Junior MSF, da Silva CS, de Araújo FL, Silva Junior JM, Silva RVMM, Lima MVS, Leite LC, Bezerra LR, et al. Inclusion Prosopis juliflora Pod Meal in Grazing Lambs Diets: Performance, Digestibility, Ingestive Behavior and Nitrogen Balance. Animals. 2022; 12(4):428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12040428
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmeida, Bruna J., Adriana R. Bagaldo, Mário S. F. Soares Junior, Cristiane S. da Silva, Fabiana L. de Araújo, Jarbas M. Silva Junior, Rosani V. M. M. Silva, Mailin V. S. Lima, Laudí C. Leite, Leilson R. Bezerra, and et al. 2022. "Inclusion Prosopis juliflora Pod Meal in Grazing Lambs Diets: Performance, Digestibility, Ingestive Behavior and Nitrogen Balance" Animals 12, no. 4: 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12040428
APA StyleAlmeida, B. J., Bagaldo, A. R., Soares Junior, M. S. F., da Silva, C. S., de Araújo, F. L., Silva Junior, J. M., Silva, R. V. M. M., Lima, M. V. S., Leite, L. C., Bezerra, L. R., & Oliveira, R. L. (2022). Inclusion Prosopis juliflora Pod Meal in Grazing Lambs Diets: Performance, Digestibility, Ingestive Behavior and Nitrogen Balance. Animals, 12(4), 428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12040428