Response of Long-Tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis) to the Change in the Main Prey Availability in Its Baltic Wintering Ground
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Seabed Macrofauna Community
3.2. Stomach Data
3.2.1. Feeding of Juveniles
3.2.2. Monthly Variation in the Diet
3.3. Body Index
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soft-Bottom | Hard-Bottom | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Juvenile | Adult | Total | Sex | Juvenile | Adult | Total |
Female | 4 | 27 | 31 | Female | 16 | 42 | 58 |
Male | 2 | 62 | 64 | Male | 3 | 95 | 98 |
Total | 6 | 89 | 95 | Total | 19 | 137 | 156 |
Species/Taxa | Hard-Bottom | Soft-Bottom | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F (%) | Abundance (SE) | Biomass (SE) | F (%) | Abundance (SE) | Biomass (SE) | |
M. edulis trossulus | 51% | 280.5 (64.8) | 3.0 (2.0) | 3% | 0.3 (0.3) | <0.1 (<0.1) |
C. glaucum | 19% | 2.9 (1.3) | 0.2 (0.1) | 76% | 240.6 (83.3) | 67.8 (21.5) |
L. balthica | 49% | 20.5 (14.3) | 5.5 (3.8) | 82% | 2080.3 (477.0) | 123.9 (25.5) |
M. arenaria | 45% | 8.4 (2.4) | 0.2 (0.1) | 76% | 1274.2 (512.1) | 32.9 (9.3) |
R. cuneata | 6% | 1.2 (0.9) | <0.1 (<0.1) | |||
A. improvisus | 57% | 2584.9 (515.9) | 65.1 (22.9) | |||
B.pilosa | 9% | 0.1 (<0.1) | <0.1 (<0.1) | 58% | 352.1 (156.3) | 0.2 (0.1) |
Corophium sp. | 57% | 1056.0 (254.9) | 0.4 (0.2) | 79% | 174.2 (54.6) | 0.4 (0.1) |
C. crangon | 3% | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.4) | |||
D. rathkei | 9% | 1.2 (0.7) | <0.1 (<0.1) | |||
Gammaridea undet. | 55% | 2006.5 (612.7) | 0.5 (0.1) | 9% | 2.4 (1.8) | <0.1 (<0.1) |
Mysidea undet. | 6% | 0.6 | <0.1 (<0.1) | |||
I. balthica | 49% | 506.2 (181.3) | 0.1 (<0.1) | |||
J. albifrons | 36% | 692.7 (331.1) | <0.1 (<0.1) | |||
Ostracoda | 15% | 15.5 (8.8) | <0.1 (<0.1) | |||
Palaemon elegans | 4% | 0.4 (0.2) | <0.1 (<0.1) | |||
P. inermis | 6% | 0.7 (0.4) | <0.1 (<0.1) | |||
Hydrobia sp. | 19% | 6.8 (4.3) | 0.1 (0.1) | 64% | 460.9 (152.1) | 2.8 (1.4) |
Chironomidae | 9% | 0.9 (0.5) | <0.1 (<0.1) | |||
Nematoda | 23% | 11.8 (4.2) | <0.1 (<0.1) | 48% | 70.0 (31.1) | <0.1 (<0.1) |
Nemertea | 24% | 32.4 (12.9) | <0.1 (<0.1) | |||
Oligochaeta | 68% | 268.4 (144.0) | 0.1 (0.1) | 88% | 1711.5 (394.5) | 1.0 (0.2) |
F. sabella | 53% | 6261.3 (2748.7) | 0.2 (0.1) | |||
H. diversicolor | 47% | 13.4 (3.7) | 2.9 (2.1) | 100% | 886.1 (170.9) | 26.1 (8.3) |
Marenzellaria sp. | 85% | 121.7 (27.1) | 0.3 (0.2) | 100% | 2688.5 (429.2) | 22.2 (5.9) |
Pygospio elegans | 68% | 34.8 (7.0) | <0.1 (<0.1) | 97% | 4639.4 (1524.2) | 1.7 (0.5) |
S. shrubsolii | 73% | 428.2 (89.5) | 0.2 (0.1) |
Factors/Parameters | Prey Taxonomic Diversity | Total Biomass | Macrofauna Biomass | Fish Biomass | Total Abundance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.0786 (0.780) | 3.6285 (0.059) | 1.7691 (0.188) | 1.5477 (0.219) | 1.1519 (0.289) |
Substrate | 6.1957 (0.015) | 0.1046 (0.747) | 3.6010 (0.062) | 1.7287 (0.194) | 0.9362 (0.339) |
Sex:Substrate | 3.8687 (0.052) | 0.1103 (0.741) | 1.9272 (0.169) | 1.5770 (0.215) | 0.0589 (0.810) |
Species/Taxa | Hard-Bottom | Soft-Bottom | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Average Biomass (g) | F (%) | Average Biomass (g) | F (%) | |
Bivalves | ||||
Bivalvia undet. | 0.4 (0.1) | 15% | 0.5 (0.1) | 21% |
M. edulis trossulus | 0.7 (0.1) | 20% | 0.9 (0.1) | 6% |
L. balthica | 0.4 (<0.1) | 8% | 0.3 (<0.1) | 14% |
C. glaucum | 0.5 (0.1) | 3% | 0.2 (0.1) | 13% |
M. arenaria | 0.9 (0.1) | 19% | 0.3 (0.1) | 15% |
Crustacea | ||||
G. zaddachi | 0.5 (0.1) | 1% | ||
Gammaridae undet. | 1.3 (0.2) | 6% | <0.1 | 1% |
D. villosus | 0.3 (<0.1) | 2% | ||
S. entomon | 1.3 (0.2) | 22% | 4.5 (0.4) | 47% |
N. integer | 1.2 (0.2) | 9% | ||
Idothea sp. | 0.1 (<0.1) | 1% | ||
A. improvisus | 0.4 (0.1) | 35% | 0.4 (0.1) | 11% |
P. elegans | <0.1 (<0.1) | 1% | ||
C. crangon | 1.6 (0.1) | 8% | 1.8 (0.3) | 4% |
Crustacea undet. | 0.3 (<0.1) | 4% | ||
P. lacustris | <0.1 | 1% | ||
Mysidae undet. | <0.1 | 1% | <0.1 (<0.1) | 1% |
Corophium undet. | <0.1 | 1% | <0.1 | 1% |
Polychaeta | ||||
Marenzelleria sp. | 1.2 (0.1) | 1% | ||
H. diversicolor | 1.3 (0.4) | 45% | 0.6 (0.1) | 61% |
Fishes | ||||
O. eperlanus | 23.3 (1.6) | 18% | 6.1 (0.5) | 7% |
A. tobianus | 0.2 (<0.1) | 1% | 2.1 (<0.1) | 2% |
P. minutus | 0.7 | 1% | ||
P. flesus | 11 (0.7) | 3% | 2.1 | 1% |
G. aculeatus | 0.2 (<0.1) | 2% | <0.1 | 1% |
N. melanostomus | <0.1 | 0% | <0.1 | 1% |
M. scorpius | 1.0 | 1% | ||
G. cernuus | 3.2 | 1% | ||
C. harengus | <0.1 | 1% | ||
Pisces (undetermined) | 2 (0.3) | 20% | 0.7(0.1) | 18% |
Others | ||||
Gastropoda undet. | <0.1 (<0.1) | 1% | <0.1 (<0.1) | 4% |
Bottom macrophytes | <0.1 (<0.1) | 13% | <0.1 (<0.1) | 6% |
G. aquaticus | <0.1 | 1% |
Characteristics | Bottom Type | Žydelis and Ruškyte, 2005 | This Study, 2022 |
---|---|---|---|
Number of stomach samples per bottom type (n) | H | 119 | 156 |
S | 89 | 95 | |
Abundance of prey items in stomachs | H | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 5.8 ± 1.1 |
S | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | |
Number of prey items found in stomachs | H | 17 | 31 |
S | 18 | 21 | |
Frequency (%) of main prey in stomachs: | |||
Mytilus edulis trossulus | H | 92.4% | 20% |
Limecola balthica | S | 16.1% | 14% |
Mya arenaria | S | 17.2% | 15% |
Saduria entomon | H | 1.7% | 22% |
S | 71.3% | 47% | |
Osmerus eperlanus | H | 0% | 18% |
S | 1.2% | 7% | |
Hediste diversicolor | H | 0% | 45% |
S | 14.9% | 61% | |
Ivlev’s selectivity index: | |||
Mytilus edulis trossulus | H | E = −0.05 | E = −0.007 |
Saduria entomon | S | E = 0.73 | E = 0.99 |
Occurrence of macrofauna in stomachs | 62% | 63.8% | |
Body index | H | 6.9 ± 1.9 | 7.2 ± 1.9 |
S | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 6.9 ± 1.7 |
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Forni, P.; Morkūnas, J.; Daunys, D. Response of Long-Tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis) to the Change in the Main Prey Availability in Its Baltic Wintering Ground. Animals 2022, 12, 355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12030355
Forni P, Morkūnas J, Daunys D. Response of Long-Tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis) to the Change in the Main Prey Availability in Its Baltic Wintering Ground. Animals. 2022; 12(3):355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12030355
Chicago/Turabian StyleForni, Paola, Julius Morkūnas, and Darius Daunys. 2022. "Response of Long-Tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis) to the Change in the Main Prey Availability in Its Baltic Wintering Ground" Animals 12, no. 3: 355. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12030355