Sunflower Cake from the Biodiesel Industry in the Diet Improves the Performance and Carcass Traits of Nellore Young Bulls
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Location and Ethical Approval
2.2. Animals, Experimental Design, and Experiment Duration
2.3. Diets and Chemical Composition
2.4. Intake and Ingestive Behavior
2.5. Nutrients Digestibility and Nitrogen (N) Balance
2.6. Blood Metabolites
2.7. Performance and Carcass Traits
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Intake, Ingestive Behavior, Apparent Total Tract Digestibility of DM, CP, EE, NFC, NDF, N Balance, and Serum Metabolites
3.2. Performance and Carcass Traits
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition (g/kg DM) | Tifton-85 | Corn Ground | Soybean Meal | Sunflower Cake |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry matter (g/kg as fed diet) | 854 | 901 | 879 | 890 |
Ash | 59.3 | 12.8 | 65.8 | 60.7 |
Crude protein | 78.4 | 94.9 | 503 | 249 |
NDIN (g/kg CP) | 58.9 | 120 | 53.4 | 127 |
ADIN (g/kg CP) | 34.2 | 3.00 | 0.40 | 26.8 |
Ether extract | 13.7 | 51.4 | 17.4 | 162 |
apNeutral detergent fiber | 720 | 112 | 103 | 318 |
Acid detergent fiber | 397 | 23.2 | 71.3 | 232 |
Nonfibrous carbohydrates | 129 | 729 | 311 | 210 |
Hemicellulose | 324 | 88.5 | 32.1 | 86 |
Cellulose | 336 | 22.6 | 70.1 | 165 |
Acid detergent lignin | 60.8 | 0.71 | 1.32 | 67.7 |
iNDF | 247 | 77.2 | 70.3 | 176 |
Total nitrogen fraction (g/kg CP) | ||||
A + B1 + B2 | 411 | 880 | 947 | 873 |
B3 | 555 | 117 | 52.6 | 10 |
C | 34 | 3 | 0.4 | 27 |
Carbohydrate fractions | ||||
A + B1 | 195 | 733 | 584 | 589 |
B2 | 659 | 111 | 102 | 251 |
C | 146 | 156 | 317 | 160 |
Variables | Sunflower Cake Level g/kg DM | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 90 | 180 | 270 | |
Ingredients (g/kg DM) | ||||
Tifton-85 hay | 400.0 | 400.0 | 400.0 | 400.0 |
Corn ground | 460.0 | 408.0 | 357.0 | 305.0 |
Soybean meal | 115.0 | 77.0 | 38.0 | 0.0 |
Sunflower cake | 0.0 | 90.0 | 180.0 | 270.0 |
Urea + ammonia sulfate 1 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 |
Mineral mixture 2 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 |
Chemical composition (g/kg DM) | ||||
Dry matter (g/kg of the as-fed diet) | 882 | 882 | 882 | 882 |
Ash | 52.2 | 54.5 | 56.7 | 59.0 |
Crude protein | 159 | 158 | 156 | 154 |
NDIN (g/kg CP) | 297 | 300 | 303 | 306 |
ADIN (g/kg CP) | 15.1 | 17.3 | 19.6 | 21.8 |
Ether extract | 31.1 | 42.4 | 53.6 | 64.9 |
apNeutral detergent fiber | 351 | 370 | 389 | 408 |
Acid detergent fiber | 178 | 195 | 212 | 229 |
Nonfibrous carbohydrates | 424 | 394 | 363 | 332 |
Hemicellulose | 174 | 176 | 178 | 180 |
Cellulose | 153 | 164 | 175 | 186 |
Acid detergent lignin | 24.8 | 30.7 | 36.6 | 42.5 |
iNDF | 142 | 151 | 161 | 170 |
Total nitrogen fraction (g/kg CP) | ||||
A + B1 + B2 | 688 | 685 | 682 | 679 |
B3 | 282 | 283 | 284 | 285 |
C | 15.1 | 17.3 | 19.6 | 21.8 |
Carbohydrate fractions (g/kg DM) | ||||
A + B1 | 613.6 | 586.3 | 559.1 | 532 |
B2 | 327 | 340 | 353 | 366 |
C | 59.4 | 73.7 | 87.9 | 102.0 |
Variables | Sunflower Cake (g/kg DM) | SEM | p-Value 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.0 | 90 | 180 | 270 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Intake (kg/d) | |||||||
Dry matter | 11.1 | 10.8 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 0.08 | 0.003 | 0.57 |
Crude protein | 1.91 | 1.83 | 1.71 | 1.66 | 0.02 | 0.004 | 0.79 |
Ether extract | 0.39 | 0.51 | 0.63 | 0.75 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 0.92 |
Nonfibrous carbohydrates | 4.69 | 4.32 | 3.73 | 3.36 | 0.10 | <0.001 | 0.99 |
apNeutral detergent fiber | 3.73 | 3.79 | 3.83 | 3.99 | 0.04 | 0.99 | 0.54 |
Total digestible nutrients | 7.33 | 7.47 | 7.04 | 7.18 | 0.09 | 0.70 | 0.94 |
Intake (g/kg BW) | |||||||
Dry matter | 25.3 | 24.3 | 23.5 | 23.0 | 0.05 | 0.002 | 0.44 |
apNeutral detergent fiber | 8.50 | 8.50 | 8.70 | 9.00 | 0.02 | 0.94 | 0.68 |
Effectively ingested diet composition (g/kg DM) | |||||||
Dry matter (g/kg as-fed) | 765 | 772 | 764 | 770 | 1.36 | 0.68 | 0.66 |
Crude protein | 172 | 169 | 166 | 164 | 0.80 | 0.002 | 0.65 |
Ether extract | 34.8 | 47.4 | 60.8 | 73.4 | 2.60 | <0.001 | 0.63 |
Nonfibrous carbohydrates | 422 | 398 | 362 | 329 | 6.34 | <0.001 | 0.11 |
apNeutral detergent fiber | 337 | 349 | 372 | 391 | 3.87 | <0.001 | 0.12 |
Ingestive behavior (min/d) | |||||||
Eating time | 173 | 190 | 221 | 224 | 7.07 | 0.014 | 0.55 |
Ruminating | 370 | 480 | 469 | 453 | 15.1 | <0.001 | 0.033 |
Idling | 897 | 770 | 750 | 763 | 19.1 | <0.001 | 0.043 |
Efficiency rate | |||||||
Eating time (kg DM/h) | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.015 | 0.042 | 0.012 |
Ruminating (kg DM/h) | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.009 | <0.001 | 0.034 |
Ruminating (kg NDF/h) | 0.68 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.033 |
Variables | Sunflower Cake (g/kg DM) | SEM | p-Value 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.0 | 90 | 180 | 270 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Digestibility (g/100 g Ingested) | |||||||
Dry matter | 62.6 | 55.9 | 54.0 | 52.4 | 0.83 | <0.001 | 0.11 |
Crude protein | 72.6 | 72.5 | 72.4 | 69.6 | 0.82 | 0.66 | 0.41 |
Ether extract | 80.2 | 75.4 | 78.4 | 69.2 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 0.12 |
Nonfibrous carbohydrates | 79.0 | 74.5 | 76.4 | 77.7 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
apNeutral detergent fiber | 59.2 | 51.8 | 51.4 | 47.0 | 0.89 | <0.001 | 0.13 |
Total digestible nutrients | 66.2 | 68.8 | 68.3 | 70.7 | 0.60 | 0.39 | 0.88 |
Nitrogen (N) balance (g/d) | |||||||
N-intake | 306 | 293 | 274 | 265 | 4.12 | <0.001 | 0.77 |
N-fecal excretion | 88.2 | 85.9 | 83.0 | 86.0 | 2.27 | 0.50 | 0.57 |
N-urinary excretion | 43.9 | 38.5 | 20.2 | 19.9 | 1.99 | <0.001 | 0.12 |
N-total excretion | 132 | 124 | 103 | 106 | 2.65 | <0.002 | 0.12 |
N-retained | 173 | 169 | 171 | 159 | 3.78 | 0.92 | 0.64 |
N-excretion (g/100 g of N-intake) | |||||||
N-fecal excretion | 28.8 | 29.3 | 30.3 | 32.5 | 2.01 | 0.48 | 0.56 |
N-urinary excretion | 14.3 | 13.1 | 7.37 | 7.51 | 1.83 | <0.001 | 0.11 |
N-total excretion | 43.2 | 42.5 | 37.7 | 40.0 | 2.03 | <0.003 | <0.001 |
N-retained | 56.5 | 57.7 | 62.4 | 60.0 | 2.23 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Microbial protein production 2 | 66.0 | 97.9 | 98.6 | 102 | 0.99 | <0.001 | 0.012 |
Microbial protein efficiency 3 | 9.0 | 13.1 | 14.0 | 14.2 | 0.63 | <0.001 | 0.083 |
Serum metabolite profiles | |||||||
BUN (mg/dL) | 25.7 | 23.7 | 21.1 | 24.3 | 0.75 | 0.051 | 0.082 |
Total protein (g/L) | 8.91 | 8.92 | 8.68 | 8.56 | 0.14 | 0.94 | 0.83 |
Albumin (g/L) | 3.34 | 3.66 | 3.18 | 3.86 | 0.13 | 0.71 | 0.51 |
Globulin (g/L) | 5.57 | 5.26 | 5.49 | 4.70 | 0.17 | 0.81 | 0.47 |
A:G ratio 4 | 0.64 | 0.72 | 0.61 | 0.84 | 0.04 | 0.58 | 0.33 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 108 | 159 | 181 | 186 | 10.3 | 0.042 | 0.20 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 104 | 98.5 | 99.7 | 102 | 2.94 | 0.51 | 0.52 |
AST (U/L) | 79.1 | 69.6 | 72.9 | 73.0 | 2.40 | 0.26 | 0.32 |
ALT (U/L) | 39.7 | 39.9 | 38.8 | 36.6 | 1.41 | 0.87 | 0.68 |
GGT (U/L) | 7.44 | 6.83 | 6.60 | 7.98 | 0.24 | 0.034 | 0.023 |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.013 |
Variables | Sunflower Cake (g/kg DM) | SEM | p-Value 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.0 | 90 | 180 | 270 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
Initial BW, kg | 374 | 373 | 374 | 377 | - | - | - |
Final BW, kg | 509 | 530 | 508 | 514 | 8.71 | 0.68 | <0.001 |
Total weight gain, kg | 135 | 158 | 134 | 137 | 4.43 | 0.35 | <0.001 |
Average daily gain, kg | 1.50 | 1.75 | 1.49 | 1.52 | 0.05 | 0.35 | <0.001 |
ADG:DMI ratio, kg/kg | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.42 | 0.018 |
Hot carcass weight, kg | 278 | 289 | 273 | 269 | 5.47 | 0.69 | <0.001 |
Cold carcass weight, kg | 271 | 280 | 265 | 261 | 5.22 | 0.73 | <0.001 |
Cooling loss, g/kg | 270 | 310 | 281 | 312 | 0.15 | 0.56 | 0.71 |
Hot carcass yield, g/kg | 546 | 545 | 536 | 524 | 0.29 | 0.92 | 0.29 |
Cold carcass yield, g/kg | 532 | 528 | 521 | 508 | 0.27 | 0.93 | 0.30 |
Carcass length, cm | 140 | 143 | 142 | 143 | 0.81 | 0.093 | 0.16 |
CCI, kg/cm | 1.87 | 1.99 | 1.88 | 1.85 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.30 |
LMA, cm2 | 61.3 | 61.7 | 68.9 | 59.1 | 1.70 | 0.153 | 0.14 |
SFT, mm | 3.54 | 3.46 | 3.46 | 2.88 | 0.24 | 0.82 | 0.61 |
HH section (g/kg tissue) | |||||||
Bone | 225 | 196 | 208 | 217 | 0.54 | 0.084 | 0.083 |
Muscle | 530 | 569 | 559 | 524 | 1.03 | 0.072 | 0.053 |
Fat | 245 | 227 | 233 | 259 | 1.05 | 0.402 | 0.31 |
Muscle/bone ratio | 241 | 301 | 278 | 241 | 0.10 | <0.001 | 0.012 |
Muscle/fat ratio | 227 | 264 | 269 | 221 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.16 |
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da Silva Oliveira, V.; Barbosa, A.M.; de Andrade, E.A.; Virginio Júnior, G.F.; Nascimento, T.V.C.; Lima, A.G.V.d.O.; Portela, R.W.D.; da Silva Júnior, J.M.; Pereira, E.S.; Bezerra, L.R.; et al. Sunflower Cake from the Biodiesel Industry in the Diet Improves the Performance and Carcass Traits of Nellore Young Bulls. Animals 2022, 12, 3243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233243
da Silva Oliveira V, Barbosa AM, de Andrade EA, Virginio Júnior GF, Nascimento TVC, Lima AGVdO, Portela RWD, da Silva Júnior JM, Pereira ES, Bezerra LR, et al. Sunflower Cake from the Biodiesel Industry in the Diet Improves the Performance and Carcass Traits of Nellore Young Bulls. Animals. 2022; 12(23):3243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233243
Chicago/Turabian Styleda Silva Oliveira, Vinicius, Analivia M. Barbosa, Ederson A. de Andrade, Gercino F. Virginio Júnior, Thiago V. C. Nascimento, Anny Graycy Vasconcelos de Oliveira Lima, Ricardo W. D. Portela, Jarbas M. da Silva Júnior, Elzânia S. Pereira, Leilson R. Bezerra, and et al. 2022. "Sunflower Cake from the Biodiesel Industry in the Diet Improves the Performance and Carcass Traits of Nellore Young Bulls" Animals 12, no. 23: 3243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233243
APA Styleda Silva Oliveira, V., Barbosa, A. M., de Andrade, E. A., Virginio Júnior, G. F., Nascimento, T. V. C., Lima, A. G. V. d. O., Portela, R. W. D., da Silva Júnior, J. M., Pereira, E. S., Bezerra, L. R., & Oliveira, R. L. (2022). Sunflower Cake from the Biodiesel Industry in the Diet Improves the Performance and Carcass Traits of Nellore Young Bulls. Animals, 12(23), 3243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233243