Giant Squid (Dosidicus gigas) Meal in Chicken Diets to Enrich Meat with n-3 Fatty Acids
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Obtaining the Meal
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Analysis of Total Lipids and Fatty Acid Profile of Chicken Legs with Thighs and Breasts
2.4. Sensory Evaluation
2.5. Statistical Analysis
- Yijk: response variable in repetition k, level j of B, level i of A;
- µ= overall average;
- Ai = effect of factor A at level i;
- Bj = effect of factor B at level j;
- Ck = effect of factor C at level k;
- (AB)ij = effect of the AB interaction at level i, j;
- (AC)ik = effect of AC interaction at level i, k;
- (ABC)ijk = effect of ABC interaction at level i, j, k;
- Eijkl = random error.
3. Results
3.1. Production Parameters
3.2. Sensory Evaluation
4. Discussion
4.1. Production Parameters
4.2. Fatty Acids Present in Meat
Effect of Including GSM
4.3. Effect of Sex
4.4. Effect of the Chicken Meat Part
4.5. n-6/n-3 Ratio
4.6. Sensory Evaluation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Starter (1–7 days) | Growth (8–14 days) | Finisher (15–49 days) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredients | 0% | 1.67% | 3.34% | 5.01% | 0% | 1.67% | 3.34% | 5.01% | 0% | 1.67% | 3.34% | 5.01% |
Sorghum | 56.369 | 56.369 | 56.369 | 56.369 | 61.029 | 61.029 | 61.029 | 61.029 | 64.623 | 64.623 | 64.623 | 64.623 |
Soybean meal | 33.797 | 32.127 | 30.457 | 28.787 | 28.472 | 26.802 | 25.132 | 23.462 | 25,571 | 23.901 | 22.231 | 20.561 |
Soybean oil | 4.557 | 4.557 | 4.557 | 4.557 | 5.709 | 5.709 | 5.709 | 5.709 | 5.760 | 5.760 | 5.760 | 5.760 |
GSM | 0.000 | 1.670 | 3.340 | 5.010 | 0.000 | 1.670 | 3.340 | 5.010 | 0.000 | 1.670 | 3.340 | 5.010 |
Salt | 0.400 | 0.400 | 0.400 | 0.400 | 0.0400 | 0.400 | 0.400 | 0.400 | 0.400 | 0.400 | 0.400 | 0.400 |
Calcium carbonate | 1.120 | 1.120 | 1.120 | 1.120 | 0.927 | 0.927 | 0.927 | 0.927 | 0.912 | 0.912 | 0.912 | 0.912 |
Orthophosphate | 1.833 | 1.833 | 1.833 | 1.833 | 1.643 | 1.643 | 1.643 | 1.643 | 1.523 | 1.523 | 1.523 | 1.523 |
L-lysine | 0.406 | 0.406 | 0.406 | 0.406 | 0.349 | 0.349 | 0.349 | 0.349 | 0.238 | 0.238 | 0.238 | 0.238 |
DL-methionine | 0.403 | 0.403 | 0.403 | 0.403 | 0.345 | 0.345 | 0.345 | 0.345 | 0.254 | 0.254 | 0.254 | 0.254 |
L-threonine | 0.205 | 0.205 | 0.205 | 0.205 | 0.171 | 0.171 | 0.171 | 0.171 | 0.099 | 0.099 | 0.099 | 0.099 |
Choline | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.500 | 0.160 | 0.160 | 0.160 | 0.160 |
Mixture min * | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.100 |
Vit mix ** | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.250 |
Coccidiostat | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 |
Antioxidant | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 |
Pigment *** | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.050 |
Calculated analysis | ||||||||||||
ME (Mcal/kg) | 3.025 | 3.025 | 3.025 | 3.025 | 3.15 | 3.15 | 3.15 | 3.15 | 3.20 | 3.20 | 3.20 | 3.20 |
Crude protein (%) | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 | 17.0 |
Calcium (%) | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.85 |
Phosphorus (%) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 |
Lysine (%) | 1.43 | 1.43 | 1.43 | 1.43 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.06 |
Methionine (%) | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Met + Cys (%) | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 1.07 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.83 |
Feed Consumption (kg) | Mean ± SEM | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GSM | 0% | 1.67% | 3.34% | 5.01% | |
Male | 5.35 ± 0.12 ab | 5.55 ± 0.27 a | 5.16 ± 0.08 ab | 5.14 ± 0.02 ab | 5.30 ± 0.08 a |
Female | 5.04 ± 0.05 ab | 4.97 ± 0.13 ab | 4.69 ± 0.17 b | 4.90 ± 0.15 ab | 4.90 ± 0.06 b |
Mean ± SEM | 5.19 ± 0.08 a | 5.26 ± 0.18 a | 4.92 ± 0.13 a | 5.01 ± 0.08 a | |
Weight gain (kg) | |||||
Male | 2.91 ± 0.07 ab | 3.03 ± 0.18 a | 2.89 ± 0.09 ab | 2.79 ± 0,02 ab | 2.90 ± 0.05 a |
Female | 2.68 ± 0.06 ab | 2.57 ± 0.05 b | 2.58 ± 0.07 ab | 2.62 ± 0,09 ab | 2.61 ± 0.03 b |
Mean ± SEM | 2.79 ± 0.06 a | 2.79 ± 0.13 a | 2.73 ± 0.08 a | 2.70 ± 0,05 a | |
Feed conversion (kg:kg) | |||||
Male | 1.83 ± 0.03 | 1.83 ± 0.03 | 1.76 ± 0.03 | 1.83 ± 0.03 | 1.86 ± 0.01 |
Female | 1.86 ± 0.03 | 1.93 ± 0.03 | 1.80 ± 0.05 | 1.86 ± 0.03 | 1.86 ± 0.02 |
Mean ± SEM | 1.85 ± 0.02 | 1.88 ± 0.03 | 1.78 ± 0.03 | 1.85 ± 0.02 |
Factor | Total Lipids (g/100 g) | Saturated Fatty Acids (mg/100 g) | Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (mg/100 g) | Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (mg/100 g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | ||||
0% | 6.32 a | 790.64 b | 956.63 bc | 1025.77 c |
1.67% | 6.10 ab | 1098.99 a | 1296.10 a | 1555.06 a |
3.34% | 5.70 b | 783.10 b | 1033.30 b | 1374.83 b |
5.01% | 5.84 ab | 685.25 c | 897.49 c | 117.738 c |
SEM | 0.13 | 25.99 | 34.86 | 40.43 |
p | 0.0084 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
Sex | ||||
Male | 5.87 a | 743.72 b | 873.70 b | 1097.46 b |
Female | 6.11 a | 935.27 a | 1218.05 a | 1454.22 a |
SEM | 0.09 | 18.39 | 24.63 | 28.59 |
p | 0.0720 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
Meat | ||||
Leg/thigh | 8.63 a | 1214.78 a | 1616.78 a | 1957.33 a |
Breast | 3.35 b | 464.22 b | 474.98 b | 594.36 b |
SEM | 0.09 | 18.36 | 24.65 | 28.59 |
p | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |
Interactions | ||||
Treatment × sex | 0.0007 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Treatment × meat | 0.1673 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Sex × meat | 0.9854 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Treatment × sex × meat | 0.0415 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Factor | Linoleic Acid n-6 (mg/100 g) | Alpha-linolenic Acid n-3 (mg/100 g) | Arachidonic Acid n-6 (mg/100 g) | EPA n-3 (mg/100 g) | DPA n-3 (mg/100 g) | DHA n-3 (mg/100 g) | n-6 (mg/100 g) | n-3 (mg/100 g) | n-6/n-3 (mg/100 g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | |||||||||
0% | 816.10 c | 100.01 c | 58.62 c | 2.81 c | 13.84 d | 7.88 b | 874.72 c | 124.54 c | 7/1 a |
1.67% | 1240.32 a | 144.20 a | 87.00 a | 6.39 a | 22.83 a | 15.56 a | 1327.32 a | 188.99 a | 7/1 a |
3.34% | 1103.82 b | 127.96 b | 70.32 b | 4.94 b | 20.06 b | 16.64 a | 1174.15 b | 169.61 b | 6/1 b |
5.01% | 926.02 c | 106.76 c | 56.70 c | 4.40 b | 16.54 c | 15.29 a | 982.73 c | 142.99 c | 6/1 b |
SEM | 33.30 | 4.63 | 2.03 | 0.28 | 0.61 | 0.51 | 34.61 | 5.13 | 0.08 |
p | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0078 |
Sex | |||||||||
Male | 872.92 b | 100.93 b | 63.70 b | 4.13 b | 17.75 a | 13.76 a | 936.62 b | 136.59 b | 6/1 a |
Female | 1170.22 a | 138.53 a | 72.62 a | 5.13 a | 18.88 a | 13.92 a | 1242.84 a | 176.48 a | 7/1 a |
p | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0005 | 0.0675 | 0.7672 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.4684 |
Meat | |||||||||
Leg/thigh | 1611.39 a | 190.92 a | 76.52 a | 5.94 a | 18.87 a | 12.99 b | 1687.91 a | 228.74 a | 7/1 a |
Breast | 431.74 b | 48.54 b | 59.80 b | 3.32 b | 17.76 a | 14.69 a | 491.55 b | 84.33 b | 5/1 b |
p | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.07370 | 0.0012 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Interactions | |||||||||
Treatment × sex | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.6374 |
Treatment × meat | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.2029 | <0.0001 | 0.9113 | 0.3113 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0084 |
Sex × meat | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.1036 | <0.0001 | 0.0018 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.1479 |
Treatment × sex × meat | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.1036 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.8443 |
0% GSM | 1.67% GSM | 3.34% GSM | 5.01% GSM | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flavor (%) | Breast | 68.7 b | 81.2 a | 68.7 b | 62.5 c |
Leg with thigh | 62.5 b | 68.7 a | 43.7 c | 31.2 d | |
Texture (%) | Breast | 25.0 c | 68.7 a | 43.7 b | 12.5 d |
Leg with thigh | 62.5 b | 75.0 a | 50.0 c | 50.0 c |
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Morales-Barrera, J.; Carranco-Jáuregui, M.; Téllez-Isaías, G.; Sandoval-Mejía, A.; González-Alcorta, M.; Carrillo-Domínguez, S. Giant Squid (Dosidicus gigas) Meal in Chicken Diets to Enrich Meat with n-3 Fatty Acids. Animals 2022, 12, 2210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172210
Morales-Barrera J, Carranco-Jáuregui M, Téllez-Isaías G, Sandoval-Mejía A, González-Alcorta M, Carrillo-Domínguez S. Giant Squid (Dosidicus gigas) Meal in Chicken Diets to Enrich Meat with n-3 Fatty Acids. Animals. 2022; 12(17):2210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172210
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorales-Barrera, Jesús, María Carranco-Jáuregui, Guillermo Téllez-Isaías, Ana Sandoval-Mejía, Mariano González-Alcorta, and Silvia Carrillo-Domínguez. 2022. "Giant Squid (Dosidicus gigas) Meal in Chicken Diets to Enrich Meat with n-3 Fatty Acids" Animals 12, no. 17: 2210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172210
APA StyleMorales-Barrera, J., Carranco-Jáuregui, M., Téllez-Isaías, G., Sandoval-Mejía, A., González-Alcorta, M., & Carrillo-Domínguez, S. (2022). Giant Squid (Dosidicus gigas) Meal in Chicken Diets to Enrich Meat with n-3 Fatty Acids. Animals, 12(17), 2210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172210