Blood Transfusion in Equids—A Practical Approach and Review
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Disorders Requiring Transfusion
2.1. Whole Blood Loss
2.1.1. Traumatic Blood Loss
2.1.2. Surgical Blood Loss
2.1.3. Hemostatic Disorders
2.2. Anemia
Anemia of Chronic Disease
2.3. Other Disorders Requiring Transfusion
3. Indications for Transfusion
4. Practicalrfttttities of Transfusion
4.1. Donor Selection
4.2. Blood Donor Disease Screening
4.3. Biological Products and Hepacivirues
4.4. Cross Matching and Blood Typing
4.4.1. Blood Typing
4.4.2. Cross Matching
4.5. Other Tests
4.6. Blood Volume Calculations
4.7. Collection and Transfusion Practicalities
Washed Red Cells
5. Contraindications and Complications of Transfusion
5.1. Transfusion Reactions
5.2. Incompatible Blood
5.3. Long Term Complications
6. Neonatal Alloimmune Disorders
7. Donkey Factor
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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• Tachycardia |
○ The higher the heart rate (HR) the more urgent |
○ Severe bleeding may be accompanied by HR > 100 beats/min |
• Tachypnoea |
○ As above |
• Decreased pulse quality |
○ Thready pulses |
○ Hard or impossible to palpate |
• Cool extremities |
• Pale mucus membranes |
• Mentation changes |
○ Anxiety |
○ Distress |
○ Depression |
○ Compulsive thirst |
• Hyperlactatemia |
○ Serial sampling most helpful |
○ Progressive increase indicates decreasing perfusion |
• Decreased PCV |
○ Acute drop of 10% |
○ Absolute PCV < 12–15% usually requires |
○ ±Decreased TS |
Alternate Calculations: |
Blood Volume (BV)—8% BW (kg) |
20% of BV |
Example: |
450 kg horse-circulating volume = 36 L |
20% of 36 L = 7.2 L |
Alternately: |
10% BV every 4 weeks |
7.5% BV every 7 days |
1% BV every 24 h |
Drug | Dose | Dose per 450 kg Horse |
---|---|---|
Dexamethasone 2 mg/mL | 0.02–0.1 mg/kg IV | 4–20 mL IV once a day |
Prednisolone 50 mg/mL | 2–5 mg/kg IV | 18–45 mL IV once a day |
Epinephrine/Norepinepherine 1:1000 (1 mg/mL) | 0.01–0.02 mg/kg IV-(anaphylaxis) up to 0.5 mg/kg for asystole | 4–9 mL IV repeated up to 3 times—can increase dose up to 225 mL for asystole |
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Jamieson, C.A.; Baillie, S.L.; Johnson, J.P. Blood Transfusion in Equids—A Practical Approach and Review. Animals 2022, 12, 2162. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172162
Jamieson CA, Baillie SL, Johnson JP. Blood Transfusion in Equids—A Practical Approach and Review. Animals. 2022; 12(17):2162. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172162
Chicago/Turabian StyleJamieson, Camilla A., Sarah L. Baillie, and Jessica P. Johnson. 2022. "Blood Transfusion in Equids—A Practical Approach and Review" Animals 12, no. 17: 2162. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172162
APA StyleJamieson, C. A., Baillie, S. L., & Johnson, J. P. (2022). Blood Transfusion in Equids—A Practical Approach and Review. Animals, 12(17), 2162. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172162