Individual Variation in the Use of Acoustic Signals to Coordinate Group Movements among Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Subjects
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Behavioral Observations and Definitions
2.2.2. Vocalization Recording and Acoustic Analyses
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethics Statement
3. Results
3.1. The Types of Sound Signals during Group Movements
3.2. The Usage of Vocal Communication during Group Movements
3.3. The Number of Participants during Group Movements
3.4. Joining Order and Vocalization
3.5. Social Factors and Vocalization
4. Discussion
4.1. Recruitment Function of Acoustic Signals
4.2. Influence of Sex and Social Factors on Frequency of Acoustic Signals
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Individual | Sex | Number of Relatives | Social Rank | David’s Score # |
---|---|---|---|---|
YL | Male | 0 | 1 | 205.24 |
YXK | Male | 6 | 2 | 176.94 |
ZB | Male | 0 | 3 | 137.17 |
YXX | Female | 6 | 4 | 125.5 |
YH | Female | 6 | 5 | 82.63 |
DB | Male | 0 | 6 | 81.58 |
NM | Male | 0 | 7 | 71.93 |
TQ | Male | 0 | 8 | 61.68 |
WM | Male | 0 | 9 | 39.85 |
YCY | Female | 6 | 10 | 28.62 |
YXY | Female | 6 | 11 | 25.08 |
YCH | Female | 0 | 12 | 2.04 |
TXH | Female | 6 | 13 | −14.6 |
YCL | Female | 6 | 14 | −23.26 |
DZ | Male | 0 | 15 | −24.75 |
TQS | Male | 6 | 16 | −29.32 |
BHZ | Male | 0 | 17 | −41.48 |
TH | Female | 6 | 18 | −48 |
TXX | Female | 6 | 19 | −68.08 |
TQL | Female | 6 | 20 | −76.17 |
THY | Female | 2 | 21 | −85.9 |
TQY | Female | 6 | 22 | −93.89 |
QT | Male | 0 | 23 | −113.9 |
THX | Female | 2 | 24 | −138.21 |
YXM | Male | 6 | 25 | −145.67 |
TFH | Female | 2 | 26 | −150.35 |
TQG | Female | 6 | 27 | −153.02 |
Catalog | Definition |
---|---|
Group movement | When no more individuals join the movement within five minutes after the joining of the last one, the number of participants, the initiator included, should be at least 3. |
Initiator | The individual who first walks over 10 m within 30 s. |
Follower | The individual who moves over 5 m within 45° along the direction of the initiator. |
Proximity | At least two individuals maintain the sitting or lying posture within 1 m. |
Parameters | Definitions |
---|---|
Duration | Duration of the entire call (s) |
Mean f0 | Mean frequency of the fundamental frequency contour (Hz) |
Min f0 | Minimum frequency of the fundamental frequency contour (Hz) |
Max f0 | Maximum frequency of the fundamental frequency contour (Hz) |
Mean AMP | Mean intensity (amplitude) of the entire call (dB) |
Min AMP | Minimum intensity (amplitude) of the entire call (dB) |
Max AMP | Maximum intensity (amplitude) of the entire call (dB) |
Call Type | N | Duration(s) | Mean f0 | Min f0 | Max f0 | Mean AMP | Min AMP | Max AMP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coo | 22 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 282 ± 29 | 244 ± 36 | 303 ± 42 | 53 ± 10 | 43 ± 10 | 56 ± 10 |
Leap coo | 7 | 0.26 ± 0.11 | 361 ± 15 | 260 ± 60 | 490 ± 45 | 58 ± 6 | 45 ± 5 | 63 ± 6 |
Bark | 1 | 0.06 | 378 | 360 | 398 | 73 | 68 | 75 |
Factors | Estimate ± SE | Z | p |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.771 ± 0.283 | 2.723 | <0.01 |
Rank | −0.007 ± 0.013 | 0.498 | 0.619 |
Relatives | −0.001 ± 0.039 | −0.027 | 0.978 |
Centrality | 3.361 ± 1.490 | 2.245 | <0.05 |
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Chen, M.-M.; Zhang, Y.-H.; Tai, Y.-M.; Wang, X. Individual Variation in the Use of Acoustic Signals to Coordinate Group Movements among Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana). Animals 2022, 12, 2149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12162149
Chen M-M, Zhang Y-H, Tai Y-M, Wang X. Individual Variation in the Use of Acoustic Signals to Coordinate Group Movements among Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana). Animals. 2022; 12(16):2149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12162149
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Meng-Meng, Yu-Heng Zhang, Yi-Mei Tai, and Xi Wang. 2022. "Individual Variation in the Use of Acoustic Signals to Coordinate Group Movements among Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana)" Animals 12, no. 16: 2149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12162149
APA StyleChen, M.-M., Zhang, Y.-H., Tai, Y.-M., & Wang, X. (2022). Individual Variation in the Use of Acoustic Signals to Coordinate Group Movements among Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana). Animals, 12(16), 2149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12162149