The Dynamics of Lepus granatensis and Oryctolagus cuniculus in a Mediterranean Agrarian Area: Are Hares Segregating from Rabbit Habitats after Disease Impact?
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Lagomorph Censuses
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Long-Term Population Tendencies of Hare and Rabbit
3.2. The Myxomatosis Outbreak
3.3. Annual Cycle
3.4. Daily Cycle
3.5. Spatio-Temporal Relationships
3.6. Niche Assemblage Consequences
4. Discussion
4.1. Long-Term Population Tendencies of Hare and Rabbit
4.2. The Myxomatosis Outbreak (2018–2020)
4.3. Annual Cycle
4.4. Daily Cycle
4.5. Spatio-Temporal Relationships
4.6. Niche Assemblages
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Spearman rs | t (N-2) | p-Level | |
---|---|---|---|
Hare density–hare FO | 0.98 | 30.77 | 0.000000 |
Rabbit density–rabbit FO | 1.00 | 73.03 | 0.000000 |
Hare density–rabbit density | 0.54 | 4.29 | 0.000096 |
Hare FO–rabbit FO | 0.50 | 3.80 | 0.000440 |
Hare density–rabbit FO | 0.50 | 3.84 | 0.000387 |
Hare FO–rabbit density | 0.54 | 4.30 | 0.000095 |
17 June–18 January | 18 March–18 July | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hare | Rabbit | Hare | Rabbit | ||||||
Median | 8:08:56 | 8:49:23 | 7:31:01 | 8:06:43 | |||||
Minimum | 5:16:50 | 5:14:31 | 5:41:36 | 5:27:53 | |||||
Maximum | 10:29:14 | 13:53:10 | 10:16:53 | 10:10:02 | |||||
Cv (%) | 18.7 | 24.5 | 14.9 | 19.4 | |||||
n | 32 | 61 | 14 | 7 | |||||
Glm (time~date + species) | Estimate | Std. Error | T value | Pr(>|t|) | Estimate | Std. Error | T value | Pr(>|t|) | |
Intercept | −3.652 × 10 | 3.694 | −9.886 | 4.92 × 10−16 *** | 3.554 | 1.909 | 1.861 | 0.0642 . | |
Date | 8.560 × 10−4 | 8.586 × 10−5 | 9.970 | 9.970 3.30 × 10−16 *** | −7.209 × 10−5 | 4.438 × 10−5 | −1.625 | 0.1058 | |
Species | 4.024 × 10−2 | 1.246 × 10−2 | 3.229 | 0.00174 ** | −2.621 × 10−3 | 2.430 × 10−2 | −0.108 | 0.9142 |
PCAs | Factor | Eigenvalue | % Total Variance | Cumulative Variance (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Coordinates (x, y, z) of lagomorph observations during the entire study period (1995–2020) | 1 | 1.50 | 50.1 | 50.1 |
2 | 1.02 | 33.9 | 84.0 | |
(2) Coordinates (x, y, z) of every sampling point during the intensive survey period (2016–2020) | 1 | 2.28 | 76.1 | 76.1 |
2 | 0.62 | 20.7 | 96.8 | |
(3) Coordinates (x, y, z) plus date of every sampling point during the intensive survey period (2016–2020) | 1 | 2.34 | 57.8 | 57.8 |
2 | 1.03 | 25.9 | 83.7 |
PCA 1 (n = 535) | PCA 2 (n = 5867) | PCA 3 (n = 5867) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FACTOR 1 (50.1%) | FACTOR 2 (33.9%) | FACTOR 1 (76.1%) | FACTOR 2 (20.7%) | FACTOR 1 (57.8%) | FACTOR 2 (25.9%) | |
UTMx coordinate | 0.37 * | 0.90 * | 0.74 * | −0.24 * | 0.73 * | 0.68 * |
UTMy coordinate | −0.87 * | −0.02 | −0.91 * | −0.19 * | −0.91 * | 0.35 * |
Altitude (m) | −0.77 * | 0.46 * | −0.94 * | −0.23 * | −0.96 * | 0.19 * |
Date | −0.36 * | −0.01 | 0.22 * | −0.94 * | 0.13 * | 0.19 * |
Variable Contribution | Schoener’s D | Equivalence Test | Similarity Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Prior to the myxomatosis outbreak | Bio1 (0.24); Bio3 (0.27); Bio2 (0.13); Bio4 (0.18); altitude (0.18) | 0.24 | p = 0.79 | p = 0.07 |
After Myxomatosis outbreak | Bio1 (0.27); Bio3 (0.19); Bio2 (0.17); Bio4 (0.14); altitude (0.23) | 0.26 | p = 0.82 | p = 0.24 |
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Prenda, J.; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, E.J.; Negro, J.J.; Muñoz-Pichardo, J.M. The Dynamics of Lepus granatensis and Oryctolagus cuniculus in a Mediterranean Agrarian Area: Are Hares Segregating from Rabbit Habitats after Disease Impact? Animals 2022, 12, 1351. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12111351
Prenda J, Rodríguez-Rodríguez EJ, Negro JJ, Muñoz-Pichardo JM. The Dynamics of Lepus granatensis and Oryctolagus cuniculus in a Mediterranean Agrarian Area: Are Hares Segregating from Rabbit Habitats after Disease Impact? Animals. 2022; 12(11):1351. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12111351
Chicago/Turabian StylePrenda, José, Eduardo J. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Juan J. Negro, and Juan Manuel Muñoz-Pichardo. 2022. "The Dynamics of Lepus granatensis and Oryctolagus cuniculus in a Mediterranean Agrarian Area: Are Hares Segregating from Rabbit Habitats after Disease Impact?" Animals 12, no. 11: 1351. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12111351