Ultrasonography of Parasitic Diseases in Domestic Animals: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Ultrasound AND veterinary AND parasitology.
- Ultrasonography AND veterinary AND parasitology.
- Ultrasound AND (parasites OR parasitology) AND (small animals OR ruminants OR swine OR horses OR equids).
- Ultrasound AND veterinary AND (nematodes OR cestodes OR trematodes).
- Ultrasound AND animals AND (nematodes OR cestodes OR trematodes).
3. Results
3.1. Cestodes
3.2. Nematodes
3.3. Trematodes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gharby Scheme Type | Gharby US Description | WHO Classification |
---|---|---|
Type I: pure fluid collection | Unilocular round shape, well-defined walls, anechoic content | CE1 Active and fertile |
Type II: fluid collection with a split wall | Unilocular, less rounded shape, well defined contour, anechoic content, and presence of “split wall” sign. | CE3 Transitional stage |
Type III: fluid collection with septa | Multilocular, rounded or oval shape, well defined contour, fluid collection divided by septa. | CE2 Active and fertile |
Type IV: heterogeneous echo patterns | Roughly rounded masses with irregular contour and variable echo pattern: 1. hypoechoic with irregular echoes, 2. solid, hyperechoic, and not shadowing, 3. intermediate including hypoechoic and hyperechoic structures | CE4 Inactive |
Type V: reflecting thick walls | Structures with hyperechoic and shadowing contour | CE5 Inactive |
Author | Maxson Sage et al. [21] | Dore et al. [17] | Hussein et al. [22] | Borriello et al. [18] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Year of study | 1996 | 2012 | 2011–2013 | 2017–2019 |
Location | Kiserian, Kenya | Sardinia, Italy | Asyut, Egypt | Southern Italy |
Animals | 16 sheep of I.B. 284 goats of I.B. | 129 Sarda sheep | 22 Baladi sheep | 172 sheep of different breeds |
Wool shearing | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
Probes | L 3.5 MHz | MC 8–11 MHz | L and C 3.5, 5, 8 MHz | MC 6–10 MHz |
Duration of US | 2 min/animal | 5 min/animal | NR | 7.1 min/animal |
Examined organs | Liver and right lung | Liver | Liver | Liver |
Postmortem exam | All animals | All animals | 10 animals | All animals |
Only pulmonary cysts (%) | 15.2 | 3.9 | 0 | 1.7 |
Sensitivity (%) | 54 | 89 | 80 | 91 |
Specificity (%) | 98 | 76 | 100 | 80 |
PPV (%) | 81 | 82 | 100 | 80 |
NPV (%) | 92 | 85 | 83 | 91 |
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Corda, A.; Corda, F.; Secchi, V.; Pentcheva, P.; Tamponi, C.; Tilocca, L.; Varcasia, A.; Scala, A. Ultrasonography of Parasitic Diseases in Domestic Animals: A Systematic Review. Animals 2022, 12, 1252. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12101252
Corda A, Corda F, Secchi V, Pentcheva P, Tamponi C, Tilocca L, Varcasia A, Scala A. Ultrasonography of Parasitic Diseases in Domestic Animals: A Systematic Review. Animals. 2022; 12(10):1252. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12101252
Chicago/Turabian StyleCorda, Andrea, Francesca Corda, Valentina Secchi, Plamena Pentcheva, Claudia Tamponi, Laura Tilocca, Antonio Varcasia, and Antonio Scala. 2022. "Ultrasonography of Parasitic Diseases in Domestic Animals: A Systematic Review" Animals 12, no. 10: 1252. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12101252
APA StyleCorda, A., Corda, F., Secchi, V., Pentcheva, P., Tamponi, C., Tilocca, L., Varcasia, A., & Scala, A. (2022). Ultrasonography of Parasitic Diseases in Domestic Animals: A Systematic Review. Animals, 12(10), 1252. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12101252