Towards an Integrated Approach for Monitoring Toxoplasmosis in Southern Italy
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Task 1. Parasitological Analysis and Risk Factors for T. gondii in Ruminant Livestock Farms
2.2.1. Selection of Livestock Farms
2.2.2. Serological Analysis (Livestock)
2.2.3. Serological and Copromicroscopic Analysis (Cats)
2.2.4. Questionnaire Data Collection
2.2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.3. Task 2. Serological and Molecular Monitoring in Meat-Producing Livestock at slaughterouses
2.3.1. Serological Analysis
2.3.2. K-Agreement
2.3.3. Molecular Analysis
2.4. Task 3. Hospital Discharge Records (HDRs) Analysis
2.5. Task 4. Outreach Activities
3. Results
3.1. Task 1. Parasitological Analysis and Risk Factors for T. gondii in Ruminant Livestock Farms
Statistical Analysis
3.2. Task 2. Serological and Molecular Monitoring of Meat-Producing Livestock at Slaughterouses
K-Agreement
3.3. Task 3. Hospital Discharge Records (HDRs) Analysis
3.4. Task 4. Outreach Activities
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Animal Species | No. Farms Analysed | No. Farms Positive | Prevalence (%) (95%CI) | No. Animals Analysed | No. Animals Positive | Prevalence (%) (95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sheep | 29 | 27 | 93.1 (75.8–98.8) | 390 | 221 | 56.7 (51.6–61.2) |
Goats | 26 | 21 | 80.8 (60.0–92.7) | 241 | 114 | 47.3 (40.9–53.8) |
Cattle | 25 | 17 | 68.0 (46.4–84.3) | 296 | 48 | 16.2 (12.3–21.0) |
Water buffaloes | 24 | 11 | 45.8 (26.2–66.8) | 200 | 43 | 21.5 (16.1–28.0) |
TOTAL | 104 | 76 | 73.1 (63.3–81.1) | 1.127 | 426 | 37.8 (35.0–40.7) |
Animal Species | Age | No. Animals Analysed | No. Animals Positive | Prevalence (%) (95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sheep | Youngs Adults | 78 312 | 32 190 | 41.0 (30.2–52.7) 60.9 (55.2–66.3) |
Goats | Youngs Adults | 39 202 | 17 97 | 43.6 (28.2–60.2) 48.0 (41.0–55.1) |
Cattle | Youngs Adults | 62 234 | 19 42 | 30.6 (19.9–43.8) 17.9 (13.4–23.6) |
Water buffaloes | Youngs Adults | 9 191 | 0 43 | 0.0 22.5 (16.9–29.2) |
Animal Species | Variable | Standard Error | Wald’s Chi-Square | Odds Ratio | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sheep | Young sheep (<12 months) | 0.592 | 5.852 | 0.239 | 0.016 |
Presence of cats | 0.341 | 11.381 | 3.164 | 0.001 | |
Goats | Presence of cats | 0.308 | 15.074 | 3.306 | 0.000 |
Abortion | 0.284 | 6.502 | 2.064 | 0.011 | |
Cattle | Control rodent measures | 0.608 | 13.602 | 0.106 | 0.000 |
Water buffaloes | Abortion | 0.476 | 4.796 | 2.837 | 0.029 |
Control rodent measures | 0.792 | 35.350 | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Animal Species | No. Animals Analysed | ELISA Test | Real-Time PCR | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serum (No. Animals Positive) | Myocardium (No. Animals Positive) | Diaphragm (No. Animals Positive) | Myocardium (No. Animals Positive) | Diaphragm (No. Animals Positive) | ||
Sheep | 50 | 48 | 47 | 45 | 1 | 0 |
Goats | 50 | 49 | 48 | 46 | 0 | 0 |
Cattle | 45 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
Water buffaloes | 48 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Pigs | 218 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 2 | 0 |
Animal Species | Serum vs. Myocardium (Cohen’s ĸ) | Serum vs. Diaphragm (Cohen’s ĸ) |
---|---|---|
Sheep | 0.790 | 0.545 |
Goats | 0.658 | 0.380 |
Cattle | 0.831 | 0.910 |
Water Buffaloes | 0.846 | 0.379 |
Pigs | 1 | 0.904 |
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Pepe, P.; Bosco, A.; Capuano, F.; Baldi, L.; Giordano, A.; Mancusi, A.; Buonanno, M.; Morena, L.; Pinto, R.; Sarnelli, P.; et al. Towards an Integrated Approach for Monitoring Toxoplasmosis in Southern Italy. Animals 2021, 11, 1949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071949
Pepe P, Bosco A, Capuano F, Baldi L, Giordano A, Mancusi A, Buonanno M, Morena L, Pinto R, Sarnelli P, et al. Towards an Integrated Approach for Monitoring Toxoplasmosis in Southern Italy. Animals. 2021; 11(7):1949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071949
Chicago/Turabian StylePepe, Paola, Antonio Bosco, Federico Capuano, Loredana Baldi, Angela Giordano, Andrea Mancusi, Marialuisa Buonanno, Luigi Morena, Renato Pinto, Paolo Sarnelli, and et al. 2021. "Towards an Integrated Approach for Monitoring Toxoplasmosis in Southern Italy" Animals 11, no. 7: 1949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071949
APA StylePepe, P., Bosco, A., Capuano, F., Baldi, L., Giordano, A., Mancusi, A., Buonanno, M., Morena, L., Pinto, R., Sarnelli, P., Cringoli, G., & Rinaldi, L. (2021). Towards an Integrated Approach for Monitoring Toxoplasmosis in Southern Italy. Animals, 11(7), 1949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071949