Designing Statistical Models for Holstein Rearing Heifers’ Weight Estimation from Birth to 15 Months Old Using Body Measurements
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Housing
2.3. Diets
2.4. Body Measurements
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Time | BW (Kg) | WH (cm) | SC (cm) | HG (cm) | BL (cm) | HW (cm) | BCS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | 39.50 ± 4.32 | 77.62 ± 2.77 | 12.04 ± 1.16 | 77.10 ± 3.49 | 69.04 ± 3.49 | 19.00 ± 1.76 | 2.68 ± 0.21 |
T1 | 43.38 ± 3.99 | 79.54 ± 2.71 | 12.16 ± 0.90 | 80.24 ± 3.09 | 71.12 ± 3.09 | 19.66 ± 1.36 | 2.79 ± 0.17 |
T2 | 46.42 ± 4.58 | 80.78 ± 2.43 | 12.64 ± 0.91 | 82.06 ± 3.77 | 73.02 ± 2.99 | 20.48 ± 1.57 | 2.85 ± 0.19 |
T3 | 49.34 ± 6.04 | 82.06 ± 2.61 | 12.78 ± 0.87 | 84.04 ± 3.97 | 74.98 ± 2.81 | 21.36 ± 1.50 | 2.83 ± 0.20 |
T4 | 52.22 ± 6.96 | 83.02 ± 3.18 | 12.88 ± 0.78 | 85.64 ± 3.60 | 76.18 ± 2.61 | 21.90 ± 1.55 | 2.86 ± 0.21 |
T5 | 55.56 ± 6.00 | 84.26 ± 3.29 | 13.12 ± 0.65 | 87.58 ± 3.11 | 78.66 ± 3.12 | 21.96 ± 1.11 | 2.92 ± 0.14 |
T6 | 59.60 ± 7.26 | 86.02 ± 3.46 | 13.04 ± 0.72 | 89.66 ± 4.52 | 79.84 ± 2.82 | 22.52 ± 1.18 | 2.90 ± 0.18 |
T7 | 64.14 ± 8.12 | 87.36 ± 3.35 | 13.46 ± 0.80 | 91.18 ± 4.00 | 81.20 ± 3.57 | 23.20 ± 2.26 | 2.97 ± 0.15 |
T8 | 69.64 ± 8.96 | 88.94 ± 3.98 | 13.52 ± 0.96 | 93.44 ± 4.51 | 83.08 ± 2.86 | 23.50 ± 2.27 | 2.98 ± 0.18 |
T9 | 74.92 ± 10.27 | 90.14 ± 4.11 | 13.86 ± 0.92 | 96.62 ± 5.33 | 84.26 ± 3.44 | 23.42 ± 1.56 | 2.97 ± 0.17 |
T10 | 102.70 ± 17.41 | 97.10 ± 6.42 | 14.02 ± 1.08 | 104.82 ± 6.68 | 91.96 ± 5.66 | 23.92 ± 1.58 | 3.06 ± 0.18 |
T11 | 128.56 ± 21.69 | 101.92 ± 6.10 | 14.68 ± 0.98 | 112.40 ± 7.54 | 98.88 ± 6.63 | 24.16 ± 2.54 | 3.12 ± 0.18 |
T12 | 149.92 ± 25.51 | 106.06 ± 5.94 | 15.16 ± 1.19 | 119.10 ± 7.45 | 105.12 ± 8.06 | 25.36 ± 3.29 | 3.14 ± 0.21 |
T13 | 179.50 ± 30.66 | 111.64 ± 7.07 | 16.06 ± 1.85 | 126.76 ± 8.11 | 110.94 ± 7.50 | 26.30 ± 3.48 | 3.22 ± 0.24 |
T14 | 205.78 ± 33.29 | 116.36 ± 7.12 | 16.24 ± 1.21 | 134.04 ± 10.17 | 116.18 ± 8.45 | 27.52 ± 3.93 | 3.24 ± 0.18 |
T15 | 231.98 ± 37.03 | 119.70 ± 6.04 | 16.98 ± 1.45 | 138.66 ± 9.61 | 121.02 ± 7.40 | 28.56 ± 4.51 | 3.18 ± 0.18 |
T16 | 252.88 ± 34.07 | 122.64 ± 6.78 | 17.94 ± 1.47 | 144.64 ± 9.37 | 124.44 ± 5.98 | 30.12 ± 3.23 | 3.14 ± 0.18 |
T17 | 272.94 ± 34.12 | 126.24 ± 6.43 | 18.90 ± 1.35 | 149.54 ± 9.03 | 127.08 ± 5.66 | 30.24 ± 3.31 | 3.18 ± 0.15 |
T18 | 299.42 ± 41.89 | 128.74 ± 6.68 | 19.94 ± 1.27 | 154.68 ± 9.21 | 130.38 ± 7.00 | 30.36 ± 2.77 | 3.10 ± 0.20 |
T19 | 321.58 ± 43.87 | 131.32 ± 5.74 | 20.94 ± 1.22 | 163.60 ± 22.11 | 134.80 ± 6.75 | 30.48 ± 2.09 | 3.15 ± 0.19 |
T20 | 350.04 ± 47.58 | 132.64 ± 5.35 | 21.82 ± 1.24 | 164.36 ± 8.50 | 138.48 ± 5.44 | 30.72 ± 2.40 | 3.21 ± 0.21 |
T21 | 378.00 ± 44.49 | 135.52 ± 4.10 | 22.70 ± 1.38 | 167.94 ± 7.41 | 142.64 ± 6.14 | 31.38 ± 2.15 | 3.20 ± 0.25 |
T22 | 404.00 ± 46.70 | 138.56 ± 4.54 | 23.64 ± 1.61 | 172.72 ± 7.88 | 145.96 ± 5.41 | 32.42 ± 2.20 | 3.21 ± 0.26 |
Time | Prediction Equations | Constant | WH | SC | HG | BL | HW | BCS | p-Value | Ac. R2% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | Y = a + b3X3 + b6X6 | −56.747 *** | 1.014 *** | 6.782 *** | *** | 0.836 | ||||
T1 | Y = a + b1X1 + b3X3 + b4X4 + b6X6 | −67.402 *** | 0.378 | 0.517 ** | 0.389 ** | 4.121 | *** | 0.688 | ||
T2 | Y = a + b1X1 + b3X3 + b4X4 + b5X5 | −68.033 *** | 0.569 * | 0.674 ** | 0.344 | −0.589 | *** | 0.707 | ||
T3 | Y = a + b3X3 + b4X4 + b5X5 + b6X6 | −73.605 *** | 1.030 *** | 0.524 ** | −0.888 * | 5.840 * | *** | 0.784 | ||
T4 | Y = a + b2X2 + b3X3 + b5X5 + b6X6 | −76.642 *** | −1.302 | 1.557 *** | −0.587 | 8.961 ** | *** | 0.770 | ||
T5 | Y = a + b1X1 + b3X3 + b4X4 + b6X6 | −100.266 *** | 0.499 * | 0.602 ** | 0.445 ** | 9.063 * | *** | 0.777 | ||
T6 | Y = a + b3X3 + b4X4 + b6X6 | −104.225 *** | 0.863 *** | 0.794 *** | 8.122 * | *** | 0.756 | |||
T7 | Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4X4 | −125.697 *** | 0.510 | 1.271 | 1.042 *** | 0.422 | *** | 0.726 | ||
T8 | Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4X4 | −132.888 *** | 0.472 | 1.406 | 1.173 *** | 0.397 | *** | 0.772 | ||
T9 | Y = a + b1X1 + b3X3 | −113.875 *** | 0.902 *** | 1.124 *** | *** | 0.787 | ||||
T10 | Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4X4 + b6X6 | −198.994 *** | 0.834 *** | 1.546 | 1.226 *** | 0.448 | 9.803 | *** | 0.888 | |
T11 | Y = a + b1X1 + b3X3 + b4X4 + b5X5 | −175.638 *** | 0.651 | 1.308 ** | 0.556 | 1.5242 | *** | 0.854 | ||
T12 | Y = a + b1X1 + b3X3 + b4X4 | −205.406 *** | 0.805 | 1.320 * | 1.088 | *** | 0.790 | |||
T13 | Y = a + b1X1 + b3X3 + b4X4 | −263.825 *** | 1.230 ** | 1.508 ** | 1.044 * | *** | 0.846 | |||
T14 | Y = a + b3X3 + b4X4 + b6X6 | −299.391 *** | 2.051 *** | 1.470 *** | 18.251 * | *** | 0.894 | |||
T15 | Y = a + b3X3 + b4X4 + b5X5 | −267.306 *** | 2.226 *** | 1.099 * | 1.975 * | *** | 0.853 | |||
T16 | Y = a + b1X1 + b3X3 | −253.243 *** | 1.681 ** | 2.068 *** | *** | 0.754 | ||||
T17 | Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4X4 + b6X6 | −516.279 *** | 1.299 | 5.118 ** | 1.445 * | 1.923 ** | 21.331 | *** | 0.782 | |
T18 | Y = a + b3X3 + b4X4 | −387.019 *** | 3.293 *** | 1.347 * | *** | 0.776 | ||||
T19 | Y = a + b3X3 + b4X4 + b6X6 | −506.335 *** | 0.606 ** | 3.591 *** | 76.624 *** | *** | 0.676 | |||
T20 | Y = a + b3X3 + b4X4 + b6X6 | −677.207 *** | 4.008 *** | 1.926 * | 31.457 * | *** | 0.839 | |||
T21 | Y = a + b3X3 + b4X4 + b5X5 + b6X6 | −534.638 *** | 3.272 *** | 2.691 *** | −3.859 ** | 31.328 * | *** | 0.853 | ||
T22 | Y = a + b1X1 + b3X3 + b4X4 + b5X5 | −649.723 *** | 1.916 | 3.367 *** | 2.112 * | −3.192 ** | *** | 0.871 |
Time | Prediction Equations | p-Value | R2% | RMSE |
---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | Y = 1.038X | *** | 0.99 | 2.28 |
T1 | Y = 0.986X | *** | 0.99 | 3.13 |
T2 | Y = 1.024X | *** | 0.99 | 4.02 |
T3 | Y = 1.046X | *** | 0.99 | 4.11 |
T4 | Y = 1.057X | *** | 0.99 | 3.02 |
T5 | Y = 1.042X | *** | 0.99 | 3.42 |
T6 | Y = 1.057X | *** | 0.99 | 4.81 |
T7 | Y = 1.056X | *** | 0.99 | 4.95 |
T8 | Y = 1.059X | *** | 0.99 | 3.33 |
T9 | Y = 1.079X | *** | 0.99 | 6.27 |
T10 | Y = 1.061X | *** | 0.99 | 4.42 |
T11 | Y = 1.053X | *** | 0.99 | 10.38 |
T12 | Y = 1.054X | *** | 0.99 | 12.69 |
T13 | Y = 1.021X | *** | 0.99 | 11.37 |
T14 | Y = 0.982X | *** | 0.99 | 11.60 |
T15 | Y = 0.978X | *** | 0.99 | 10.73 |
T16 | Y = 1.000X | *** | 0.99 | 19.61 |
T17 | Y = 0.986X | *** | 0.99 | 18.11 |
T18 | Y = 0.964X | *** | 0.99 | 17.39 |
T19 | Y = 0.956X | *** | 0.99 | 12.47 |
T20 | Y = 0.976X | *** | 0.99 | 25.15 |
T21 | Y = 0.990X | *** | 0.99 | 22.04 |
T22 | Y = 0.987X | *** | 0.99 | 25.77 |
BW | WH | SC | HG | BL | HW | BCS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BW | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.86 | 0.60 |
WH | −0.05 | 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.88 | 0.64 |
SC | 0.32 | −0.04 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.80 | 0.53 |
HG | 0.60 | 0.42 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.89 | 0.63 |
BL | 0.12 | 0.43 | 0.12 | 0.28 | 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.63 |
HW | −0.19 | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 1.00 | 0.59 |
BCS | −0.08 | 0.13 | −0.14 | 0.11 | −0.02 | −0.01 | 1.00 |
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Turini, L.; Conte, G.; Bonelli, F.; Madrigali, A.; Marani, B.; Sgorbini, M.; Mele, M. Designing Statistical Models for Holstein Rearing Heifers’ Weight Estimation from Birth to 15 Months Old Using Body Measurements. Animals 2021, 11, 1846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071846
Turini L, Conte G, Bonelli F, Madrigali A, Marani B, Sgorbini M, Mele M. Designing Statistical Models for Holstein Rearing Heifers’ Weight Estimation from Birth to 15 Months Old Using Body Measurements. Animals. 2021; 11(7):1846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071846
Chicago/Turabian StyleTurini, Luca, Giuseppe Conte, Francesca Bonelli, Alessio Madrigali, Brenno Marani, Micaela Sgorbini, and Marcello Mele. 2021. "Designing Statistical Models for Holstein Rearing Heifers’ Weight Estimation from Birth to 15 Months Old Using Body Measurements" Animals 11, no. 7: 1846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11071846