Effects of Sprinkler Flow Rate on Physiological, Behavioral and Production Responses of Nili Ravi Buffaloes during Subtropical Summer
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals, Housing, and Management
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Meteorological Measures
2.4. Production Measures
2.5. Physiological Measures
2.6. Behavioral Measures
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Meteorological Measures
3.2. Physiological Responses
3.3. Production Response
3.4. Behavioral Responses
3.4.1. Feeding Behavior
3.4.2. Lying Behavior
3.4.3. Standing Behavior
3.4.4. Standing in the Water Tubs
4. Discussion
4.1. Meteorological Measures
4.2. Physiological and Production Responses
4.3. Behavioral Responses
4.3.1. Feeding Behavior
4.3.2. Lying and Standing Behavior
4.4. Cooling Efficiency
4.5. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Period 1 | Sprinkler Flow Rates 2, L/min | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.8 | 1.25 | 2.0 |
2 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 1.25 |
3 | 1.25 | 2.0 | 0.8 |
Sprinkler Flow Rates, L/min | |||
---|---|---|---|
Water spread | 0.8 | 1.25 | 2.0 |
Along the feed manger, m | 0.80 | 1.31 | 1.42 |
Away from the feed manger, m | 0.67 | 0.84 | 0.88 |
Covered area, m2 | 0.54 | 1.10 | 1.25 |
Height of nozzles, m | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
Water use 1, L/10 h | 120 | 188 | 300 |
Meteorological Measures | Morning 1 | Afternoon 2 | Evening 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Means | SD | Range | Means | SD | Range | Means | SD | Range | |
Inside pen | |||||||||
Temperature, °C | 28.5 | 2.8 | 22.3–32.6 | 36.1 | 1.6 | 33.8–39.0 | 30.8 | 3.8 | 22.7–37.2 |
Humidity, % | 76.3 | 10.4 | 59–89 | 47.9 | 14.5 | 23–82 | 63.4 | 14.9 | 46–89 |
Temperature-humidity index | 78.9 | 4.0 | 70.7–86.6 | 84.6 | 3.3 | 79.7–91.1 | 80.2 | 3.8 | 71.1–85.9 |
Outside open area | |||||||||
Temperature, °C | 27.6 | 2.0 | 24.8–31.4 | 40.4 | 3.0 | 36.4–45.5 | 35.5 | 3.8 | 28.4–39.6 |
Humidity, % | 65.3 | 12.3 | 50–95 | 23.1 | 10.4 | 10–39.5 | 36.3 | 21.6 | 10–86 |
Temperature-humidity index | 77.1 | 2.9 | 72.5–82.6 | 84.6 | 1.5 | 82.7–87.6 | 81.9 | 2.2 | 78.4–86.2 |
Variables | Sprinkler Flow Rates, L/min | SEM | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.8 | 1.25 | 2.0 | |||
Physiological measures 1 | |||||
Rectal Temperature, °C | 38.7 a | 38.4 b | 38.4 b | 0.06 | 0.0041 |
Respiration Rate, breaths/min | 25.7 a | 22.3 b | 21.4 b | 1.03 | <0.0001 |
Production measures | |||||
Milk yield, Kg | 5.2 a | 6.3 b | 6.6 b | 0.40 | <0.0001 |
Dry matter intake (DMI), Kg | 10.5 a | 11.5 b | 12.1 c | 0.36 | <0.0001 |
Water intake, L | 34.6 a | 32.2 b | 30.2 b | 1.11 | <0.0001 |
Variables | Sprinkler Flow Rates, L/min | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.8 | 1.25 | 2.0 | SEM | ||
Feeding behavior/10 h | |||||
Total feeding time 1, min | 298.6 | 309.9 | 302.4 | 10.8 | 0.6162 |
Meal bout length 2, min/bout | |||||
Overall | 85.1 | 99.3 | 99.6 | 5.28 | 0.0762 |
Morning 3 | 105.6 a | 138.8 b | 139.5 b | 7.9 | 0.0003 |
Afternoon | 51.7 | 51.8 | 51.0 | 2.84 | 0.9606 |
Meal bout frequency, No. | |||||
Overall | 4.2 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 0.15 | |
Morning | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.06 | |
Afternoon | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 0.14 | |
Standing behavior/10 h | |||||
Total standing time 4, min | 440.3 | 426.4 | 411.3 | 10.26 | 0.0612 |
Standing bout length 5, min/bout | |||||
Overall | 99.8 | 99.9 | 89.6 | 1.06 | 0.1236 |
Morning | 90.7 | 92.7 | 81.9 | 1.09 | 0.4691 |
Afternoon | 109.9 | 108.3 | 98.0 | 1.06 | 0.2236 |
Standing bouts frequency, No. | |||||
Overall | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 0.14 | |
Morning | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 0.09 | |
Afternoon | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 0.09 | |
Lying behavior/10 h | |||||
Total lying time 6, min | 159.7 | 173.6 | 188.7 | 10.27 | 0.0618 |
Lying bout length 5, min/bout | |||||
Overall | 46.3 | 52.9 | 53.0 | 2.29 | 0.0636 |
Morning | 52.7 | 63.3 | 60.8 | 3.61 | 0.1169 |
Afternoon | 40.2 | 42.7 | 45.2 | 2.33 | 0.2609 |
Lying bout frequency, No. | |||||
Total | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 0.15 | |
Morning | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 0.09 | |
Afternoon | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.10 | |
Standing in water tub 7, min | 6.4 a | 3.1 b | 3.6 b | 0.55 | <0.0001 |
Standing in Water Tub | Sprinkler Flow Rates (L/min) | Odds Ratio 1 | 95% CI 2 |
---|---|---|---|
Overall standing events | 0.8 1.25 | 1.0 0.202 4 | Ref 3 0.098–0.416 |
2.0 | 0.129 | 0.059–0.283 | |
Single events per buffalo 5 | 0.8 1.25 | 1.0 0.258 | Ref 0.118–0.563 |
2.0 | 0.151 | 0.063–0.359 | |
Multiple events per buffalo 6 | 0.8 1.25 | 1.0 0.076 | Ref 0.098–0.416 |
2.0 | 0.046 | 0.059–0.283 |
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Bah, M.; Rashid, M.A.; Javed, K.; Pasha, T.N.; Shahid, M.Q. Effects of Sprinkler Flow Rate on Physiological, Behavioral and Production Responses of Nili Ravi Buffaloes during Subtropical Summer. Animals 2021, 11, 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020339
Bah M, Rashid MA, Javed K, Pasha TN, Shahid MQ. Effects of Sprinkler Flow Rate on Physiological, Behavioral and Production Responses of Nili Ravi Buffaloes during Subtropical Summer. Animals. 2021; 11(2):339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020339
Chicago/Turabian StyleBah, Musa, Muhammad Afzal Rashid, Khalid Javed, Talat Naseer Pasha, and Muhammad Qamer Shahid. 2021. "Effects of Sprinkler Flow Rate on Physiological, Behavioral and Production Responses of Nili Ravi Buffaloes during Subtropical Summer" Animals 11, no. 2: 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020339
APA StyleBah, M., Rashid, M. A., Javed, K., Pasha, T. N., & Shahid, M. Q. (2021). Effects of Sprinkler Flow Rate on Physiological, Behavioral and Production Responses of Nili Ravi Buffaloes during Subtropical Summer. Animals, 11(2), 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020339