Performance, Carcass Yield, Muscle Amino Acid Profile, and Levels of Brain Neurotransmitters in Aged Laying Hens Fed Diets Supplemented with Guanidinoacetic Acid
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Birds and Management
2.2. Laying Performance
2.3. Blood Sampling and Serum Biochemical Parameters
2.4. Carcass Yield and Muscle Amino Acid Profile
2.5. Nitric Oxide and Monoamine Concentrations in Brain Tissues
2.6. Statistical Analyses
- Yij = the dependent variable;
- μ = the population mean;
- Ti = the fixed effect of GA dietary supplements (i = T1, T2, T3, and T4);
- eij = random error, assumed to be normally and independently distributed.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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g/kg DM | |
---|---|
Ingredients | |
Yellow maize | 602.0 |
Soybean meal (44%) | 260.0 |
Limestone | 87.0 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 17.0 |
Sodium bicarbonate | 2.3 |
DL-methionine | 1.3 |
Vitamin and trace mineral mix | 3.0 |
NaCl | 2.4 |
Maize oil | 25.0 |
Calculated analysis | |
ME (KJ/kg) | 12,029 |
Crude protein | 166.0 |
Calcium | 37.7 |
Available phosphorus | 4.5 |
Lysine | 8.5 |
Leucine | 12.8 |
Isoleucine | 6.7 |
Arginine | 9.4 |
Methionine | 3.9 |
Methionine + cysteine | 6.3 |
Tryptophan | 2.2 |
Threonine | 6.1 |
Phenylalanine | 7.8 |
Histidine | 4.3 |
Valine | 7.7 |
Item | Experimental Groups | Contrast | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 T1 | 2 T2 | 3 T3 | 4 T4 | 5 RSD | Linear | Quadratic | Cubic | |
Lysine | 84.4 a | 77.5 ab | 73.9 b | 72.3 b | 6.04 | 0.013 | 0.245 | 0.308 |
Leucine | 45.8 c | 59.3 b | 60.3 b | 71.1 a | 4.49 | 0.003 | 0.227 | 0.026 |
Isoleucine | 30.4 b | 38.7 a | 38.7 a | 39.1 a | 2.44 | 0.047 | 0.087 | 0.178 |
Phenylalanine | 15.7 c | 19.2 b | 21.1 a | 25.7 a | 1.68 | 0.001 | 0.045 | 0.018 |
Valine | 33.3 | 41.9 | 42.7 | 43.7 | 3.71 | 0.073 | 0.257 | 0.416 |
Threonine | 26.4 b | 33.9 ab | 30.2 ab | 37.7 a | 3.60 | 0.015 | 0.150 | 0.102 |
Methionine | 13.9 c | 17.8 b | 17.1 bc | 21.4 a | 1.52 | 0.001 | 0.824 | 0.055 |
Serine | 21.8 | 28.5 | 27.8 | 28.8 | 2.86 | 0.098 | 0.390 | 0.374 |
Aspartic acid | 62.6 b | 66.2 ab | 71.4 ab | 85.6 a | 8.44 | 0.010 | 0.707 | 0.156 |
Glutamine | 67.9 c | 85.5 b | 91.2 b | 122.9 a | 9.60 | 0.016 | 0.180 | 0.220 |
Proline | 13.3 b | 16.5 ab | 17.1 ab | 20.3 a | 1.47 | 0.003 | 0.832 | 0.034 |
Alanine | 35.5 b | 44.6 ab | 38.7 ab | 47.9 a | 3.34 | 0.019 | 0.229 | 0.076 |
Arginine | 54.3 b | 51.5 b | 65.6 a | 65.2 a | 4.48 | 0.001 | 0.225 | 0.013 |
Histidine | 32.5 b | 36.9 ab | 40.6 a | 42.1 a | 3.16 | 0.012 | 0.296 | 0.030 |
Glycine | 28.3 | 35.5 | 35.9 | 36.7 | 2.08 | 0.087 | 0.303 | 0.219 |
Tyrosine | 25.3 b | 35.1 a | 31.9 ab | 37.8 a | 3.27 | 0.004 | 0.118 | 0.087 |
Taurine | 69.9 c | 85.8 bc | 93.7 ab | 109.7 a | 6.46 | 0.016 | 0.319 | 0.022 |
Item | Experimental Groups | Contrast | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 T1 | 2 T2 | 3 T3 | 4 T4 | 5 RSD | Linear | Quadratic | Cubic | |
Lysine | 52.7 a | 53.7 a | 44.8 b | 36.7 c | 2.37 | 0.003 | 0.036 | 0.001 |
Leucine | 35.3 b | 43.5 ab | 44.5 ab | 53.2 a | 2.97 | 0.026 | 0.417 | 0.193 |
Isoleucine | 28.3 b | 35.7 a | 33.3 ab | 37.1 a | 2.06 | 0.001 | 0.139 | 0.014 |
Phenylalanine | 16.5 b | 22.1 ab | 20.8 b | 27.2 a | 1.41 | 0.020 | 0.076 | 0.029 |
Valine | 23.8 b | 29.9 ab | 33.2 ab | 37.8 a | 3.52 | 0.035 | 0.676 | 0.491 |
Threonine | 20.5 b | 26.9 a | 23.3 ab | 27.9 a | 2.18 | 0.028 | 0.369 | 0.123 |
Methionine | 9.6 c | 11.6 bc | 12.2 ab | 14.5 a | 1.79 | 0.009 | 0.561 | 0.292 |
Serine | 17.1 c | 21.9 b | 24.2 ab | 27.1 a | 2.13 | 0.012 | 0.255 | 0.394 |
Aspartic acid | 44.1 b | 56.4 a | 59.6 a | 56.1 a | 4.75 | 0.010 | 0.031 | 0.753 |
Glutamine | 68.8 c | 86.2 b | 105.9 a | 111.5 a | 6.84 | 0.001 | 0.065 | 0.233 |
Proline | 13.2 c | 16.7 bc | 18.4 b | 25.6 a | 1.67 | 0.004 | 0.039 | 0.062 |
Alanine | 28.5 c | 35.8 bc | 37.5 ab | 45.2 a | 2.36 | 0.008 | 0.630 | 0.142 |
Arginine | 35.6 c | 34.2 c | 40.9 b | 46.8 a | 2.32 | 0.022 | 0.025 | 0.032 |
Histidine | 18.1 b | 21.9 b | 19.7 b | 29.9 a | 1.64 | 0.019 | 0.020 | 0.004 |
Glycine | 22.4 b | 30.4 a | 30.3 a | 36.9 a | 2.37 | 0.036 | 0.586 | 0.020 |
Tyrosine | 13.8 b | 17.9 b | 17.4 b | 23.2 a | 1.70 | 0.024 | 0.414 | 0.031 |
Taurine | 56.4 b | 74.3 ab | 67.6 b | 92.2 a | 7.87 | 0.025 | 0.454 | 0.009 |
Parameter | Experimental Groups | Contrast | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 T1 | 2 T2 | 3 T3 | 4 T4 | 5 RSD | Linear | Quadratic | Cubic | |
Nitric oxide (μmol/g) | 25.8 | 24.9 | 26.6 | 31.4 | 2.68 | 0.080 | 0.132 | 0.216 |
Dopamine (μg/g) | 1.02 b | 1.03 b | 1.27 a | 1.48 a | 0.101 | 0.011 | 0.131 | 0.006 |
Serotonin (μg/g) | 0.76 a | 0.57 b | 0.61 b | 0.49 b | 0.065 | 0.010 | 0.019 | 0.042 |
6 GABA (μg/g) | 8.12 a | 7.33 ab | 6.32 bc | 5.41 c | 0.689 | 0.027 | 0.017 | 0.001 |
Glutamate (μg/g) | 4.16 | 3.92 | 3.39 | 3.44 | 0.592 | 0.592 | 0.321 | 0.460 |
Aspartic acid (μg/g) | 4.47 a | 3.63 ab | 3.35 b | 3.62 ab | 0.494 | 0.019 | 0.011 | 0.086 |
Histidine (μg/g) | 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.52 | 0.71 | 0.041 | 0.102 | 0.243 | 0.016 |
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Ahmed-Farid, O.A.; Salah, A.S.; Nassan, M.A.; El-Tarabany, M.S. Performance, Carcass Yield, Muscle Amino Acid Profile, and Levels of Brain Neurotransmitters in Aged Laying Hens Fed Diets Supplemented with Guanidinoacetic Acid. Animals 2021, 11, 3091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113091
Ahmed-Farid OA, Salah AS, Nassan MA, El-Tarabany MS. Performance, Carcass Yield, Muscle Amino Acid Profile, and Levels of Brain Neurotransmitters in Aged Laying Hens Fed Diets Supplemented with Guanidinoacetic Acid. Animals. 2021; 11(11):3091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113091
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed-Farid, Omar A., Ayman S. Salah, Mohamed Abdo Nassan, and Mahmoud S. El-Tarabany. 2021. "Performance, Carcass Yield, Muscle Amino Acid Profile, and Levels of Brain Neurotransmitters in Aged Laying Hens Fed Diets Supplemented with Guanidinoacetic Acid" Animals 11, no. 11: 3091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113091