Risky Business: Live Non-CITES Wildlife UK Imports and the Potential for Infectious Diseases
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Global Wildlife Trade
1.2. Trade Data
1.3. This Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Data Management
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Total Volume Traded
3.2. Columbiformes and Galliformes
3.3. All Other Taxa
3.4. Country of Export
3.5. Taxa of Concern
4. Discussion
4.1. Species
4.2. Exporting Countries
4.3. Current Biosecurity Measures
4.4. Data Gaps
4.5. Study Limitations
4.6. Recommendations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Taxa | N. Trades | Volume | Mean Volume | N. Trades (%) | Volume (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anura | 90 | 2,492,155 | 27,690.61 | 4.97 | 73.06 |
Arachnida | 4 | 1083 | 270.75 | 0.22 | 0.03 |
Artiodactyla | 171 | 2839 | 16.60 | 9.44 | 0.08 |
Carnivora | 130 | 943 | 7.25 | 7.17 | 0.03 |
Casuariiformes_Rheiformes_Struthioniformes | 11 | 4792 | 435.64 | 0.61 | 0.14 |
Caudata | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Chiroptera | 4 | 81 | 20.25 | 0.22 | 0.00 |
Colombiformes | 15 | 1121 | 74.73 | 0.83 | 0.03 |
Crocodylia | 18 | 2731 | 151.72 | 0.99 | 0.08 |
Dasyuromorphia | 2 | 15 | 7.50 | 0.11 | 0.00 |
Diprotodontia | 9 | 73 | 8.11 | 0.50 | 0.00 |
Insectivorae | 4 | 3203 | 800.75 | 0.22 | 0.09 |
Lagomorpha | 19 | 29,817 | 1569.32 | 1.05 | 0.87 |
Not_recorded | 259 | 12,749 | 49.22 | 14.29 | 0.37 |
Other birds | 191 | 18,369 | 96.17 | 10.54 | 0.54 |
Perissodactyla | 5 | 7 | 1.40 | 0.28 | 0.00 |
Pinnipedae | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Proboscida | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Psittaciformes | 215 | 74,829 | 348.04 | 11.87 | 2.19 |
Rhyncocephalia | 2 | 3653 | 1826.50 | 0.11 | 0.11 |
Rodentia | 52 | 113,650 | 2185.58 | 2.87 | 3.33 |
Squamata | 151 | 348,151 | 2305.64 | 8.33 | 10.21 |
Testudinata | 82 | 224,237 | 2734.60 | 4.53 | 6.57 |
Unknown mixed import | 371 | 76,512 | 206.23 | 20.47 | 2.24 |
Xenarthra | 4 | 8 | 2.00 | 0.22 | 0.00 |
Appendix D
Origin | Destination | Trades | Total Volume | Mean Volume | Number of Records (%) | Volume (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antigua And Barbuda | United Kingdom | 1 | 9 | 9.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Australia | United Kingdom | 11 | 96 | 8.73 | 0.61 | 0.00 |
Austria | United Kingdom | 27 | 2506 | 92.81 | 1.49 | 0.07 |
Barbados | United Kingdom | 6 | 1080 | 180.00 | 0.33 | 0.03 |
Belgium | United Kingdom | 102 | 9557 | 93.70 | 5.63 | 0.28 |
Benin | United Kingdom | 1 | 100 | 100.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Bermuda | United Kingdom | 1 | 54 | 54.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Brazil | United Kingdom | 3 | 79 | 26.33 | 0.17 | 0.00 |
Brunei Darussalam | United Kingdom | 1 | 8 | 8.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Bulgaria | United Kingdom | 10 | 90 | 9.00 | 0.55 | 0.00 |
Cameroon | United Kingdom | 6 | 21,379 | 3563.17 | 0.33 | 0.63 |
Canada | United Kingdom | 16 | 242 | 15.12 | 0.88 | 0.01 |
Chile | United Kingdom | 1 | 2 | 2.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Croatia | United Kingdom | 5 | 48 | 9.60 | 0.28 | 0.00 |
Curaçao | United Kingdom | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Cyprus | United Kingdom | 6 | 39 | 6.50 | 0.33 | 0.00 |
Czech Republic | United Kingdom | 444 | 163,491 | 368.22 | 24.50 | 4.79 |
Denmark | United Kingdom | 33 | 97 | 2.94 | 1.82 | 0.00 |
Ecuador | United Kingdom | 1 | 16 | 16.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Egypt | United Kingdom | 6 | 11,189 | 1864.83 | 0.33 | 0.33 |
El Salvador | United Kingdom | 9 | 14,475 | 1,608.33 | 0.50 | 0.42 |
Estonia | United Kingdom | 4 | 5 | 1.25 | 0.22 | 0.00 |
Finland | United Kingdom | 8 | 307 | 38.38 | 0.44 | 0.01 |
France | United Kingdom | 87 | 4476 | 51.45 | 4.80 | 0.13 |
Gambia | United Kingdom | 1 | 3 | 3.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Germany | United Kingdom | 142 | 9000 | 63.38 | 7.84 | 0.26 |
Ghana | United Kingdom | 23 | 87,028 | 3783.83 | 1.27 | 2.55 |
Gibraltar | United Kingdom | 1 | 30 | 30.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Greece | United Kingdom | 11 | 168 | 15.27 | 0.61 | 0.00 |
Guinea | United Kingdom | 1 | 6 | 6.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Guyana | United Kingdom | 10 | 4330 | 433.00 | 0.55 | 0.13 |
Hong Kong | United Kingdom | 12 | 36,069 | 3005.75 | 0.66 | 1.06 |
Hungary | United Kingdom | 23 | 1559 | 67.78 | 1.27 | 0.05 |
India | United Kingdom | 1 | 2 | 2.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Indonesia | United Kingdom | 21 | 68,231 | 3249.10 | 1.16 | 2.00 |
Ireland | United Kingdom | 32 | 469 | 14.66 | 1.77 | 0.01 |
Italy | United Kingdom | 86 | 53,037 | 616.71 | 4.75 | 1.55 |
Japan | United Kingdom | 4 | 51 | 12.75 | 0.22 | 0.00 |
Kazakhstan | United Kingdom | 2 | 5 | 2.50 | 0.11 | 0.00 |
Kenya | United Kingdom | 7 | 1713 | 244.71 | 0.39 | 0.05 |
Korea | United Kingdom | 2 | 4 | 2.00 | 0.11 | 0.00 |
Kuwait | United Kingdom | 2 | 16 | 8.00 | 0.11 | 0.00 |
Latvia | United Kingdom | 5 | 64 | 12.80 | 0.28 | 0.00 |
Lebanon | United Kingdom | 3 | 4 | 1.33 | 0.17 | 0.00 |
Lithuania | United Kingdom | 4 | 17 | 4.25 | 0.22 | 0.00 |
Luxembourg | United Kingdom | 4 | 90 | 22.50 | 0.22 | 0.00 |
Madagascar | United Kingdom | 15 | 10,070 | 671.33 | 0.83 | 0.30 |
Malaysia | United Kingdom | 6 | 1325 | 220.83 | 0.33 | 0.04 |
Maldives | United Kingdom | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Malta | United Kingdom | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Mauritius | United Kingdom | 8 | 6552 | 819.00 | 0.44 | 0.19 |
Mongolia | United Kingdom | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Mozambique | United Kingdom | 5 | 15,786 | 3,157.20 | 0.28 | 0.46 |
New Zealand | United Kingdom | 8 | 122 | 15.25 | 0.44 | 0.00 |
Nicaragua | United Kingdom | 7 | 13,088 | 1,869.71 | 0.39 | 0.38 |
Nigeria | United Kingdom | 8 | 21,455 | 2,681.88 | 0.44 | 0.63 |
North Macedonia | United Kingdom | 3 | 4800 | 1600.00 | 0.17 | 0.14 |
Norway | United Kingdom | 5 | 103 | 20.60 | 0.28 | 0.00 |
Peru | United Kingdom | 4 | 459 | 114.75 | 0.22 | 0.01 |
Philippines | United Kingdom | 1 | 2 | 2.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Poland | United Kingdom | 47 | 1429 | 30.40 | 2.59 | 0.04 |
Portugal | United Kingdom | 7 | 25 | 3.57 | 0.39 | 0.00 |
Qatar | United Kingdom | 1 | 17 | 17.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Romania | United Kingdom | 4 | 47 | 11.75 | 0.22 | 0.00 |
Russia | United Kingdom | 3 | 5 | 1.67 | 0.17 | 0.00 |
Serbia | United Kingdom | 5 | 8250 | 1650.00 | 0.28 | 0.24 |
Singapore | United Kingdom | 10 | 225,785 | 22,578.50 | 0.55 | 6.62 |
Slovakia | United Kingdom | 74 | 26,805 | 362.23 | 4.08 | 0.79 |
Slovenia | United Kingdom | 3 | 409 | 136.33 | 0.17 | 0.01 |
Solomon Islands | United Kingdom | 1 | 221 | 221.00 | 0.06 | 0.01 |
South Africa | United Kingdom | 10 | 1864 | 186.40 | 0.55 | 0.05 |
Spain | United Kingdom | 59 | 61,117 | 1035.88 | 3.26 | 1.79 |
Sudan | United Kingdom | 2 | 331 | 165.50 | 0.11 | 0.01 |
Suriname | United Kingdom | 7 | 2764 | 394.86 | 0.39 | 0.08 |
Sweden | United Kingdom | 28 | 330 | 11.79 | 1.55 | 0.01 |
Switzerland | United Kingdom | 42 | 247 | 5.88 | 2.32 | 0.01 |
Taiwan | United Kingdom | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Tanzania | United Kingdom | 10 | 28,277 | 2,827.70 | 0.55 | 0.83 |
Thailand | United Kingdom | 5 | 2396 | 479.20 | 0.28 | 0.07 |
The Netherlands | United Kingdom | 79 | 11,042 | 139.77 | 4.36 | 0.32 |
Togo | United Kingdom | 6 | 7186 | 1197.67 | 0.33 | 0.21 |
Turkey | United Kingdom | 6 | 7319 | 1219.83 | 0.33 | 0.21 |
UAE | United Kingdom | 7 | 528 | 75.43 | 0.39 | 0.02 |
Ukraine | United Kingdom | 2 | 460 | 230.00 | 0.11 | 0.01 |
United Kingdom | United Kingdom | 50 | 817 | 16.34 | 2.76 | 0.02 |
United States | United Kingdom | 49 | 2,320,343 | 47,353.94 | 2.70 | 68.02 |
Uzbekistan | United Kingdom | 12 | 59,524 | 4960.33 | 0.66 | 1.75 |
Venezuela | United Kingdom | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Viet Nam | United Kingdom | 18 | 77,234 | 4290.78 | 0.99 | 2.26 |
Zambia | United Kingdom | 3 | 1240 | 413.33 | 0.17 | 0.04 |
Appendix E
Source Taxa | Zoonotic Disease |
---|---|
Amphibians | Campylobacteriosis *; Endemic relapsing fever; Gastroenteritis; Mycobacteriosis/Tuberculosis; Salmonellosis *; Streptococcosis *; Yersiniosis; |
Vibriosis; Leptospirosis *; Hepatitis-A; Western Encephalitis; West Nile virus; Coccidiomycosis; Cryptococcosis; Septicaemia | |
Reptiles | Campylobacteriosis *; Endemic relapsing fever; Gastroenteritis; Mycobacteriosis/Tuberculosis; Salmonellosis *; Streptococcosis *; Yersiniosis; Q-fever *; Vibriosis; Leptospirosis *; Western encephalitis; West Nile virus; Coccidiomycosis; Cryptococcosis; Septicaemia |
Birds | Campylobacteriosis *; Gastroenteritis; Mycobacteriosis/Tuberculosis; Salmonellosis; Yersiniosis; Septicaemia/general infection; Pneumonia; |
Dermatitis; Psittacosis *; Q-fever *; Vibriosis; Leptospirosis *; Western encephalitis; Avian influenza *; Newcastle disease; Cryptococcosis; Septicaemia; Histoplasmosis | |
Mammals | Campylobacteriosis *; Endemic relapsing fever; Gastroenteritis; Mycobacteriosis/Tuberculosis; Salmonellosis; Yersiniosis; Septicaemia/general infection; Bartonellosis; Pneumonia *; Psittacosis *; Q-fever *; Brucellosis |
Leptospirosis *; Hepatitis-A; West Nile virus; Herpesvirus simiae-B; Monkeypox; Molloscum contagiosum; Measles; Rabies *; Haemorrhagic fever; Newcastle disease; Cowpox *; Coccidiomycosis; Streptothricosis *; Candidiasis; Ringworm *; Histoplasmosis |
Appendix F
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Green, J.; Coulthard, E.; Norrey, J.; Megson, D.; D’Cruze, N. Risky Business: Live Non-CITES Wildlife UK Imports and the Potential for Infectious Diseases. Animals 2020, 10, 1632. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091632
Green J, Coulthard E, Norrey J, Megson D, D’Cruze N. Risky Business: Live Non-CITES Wildlife UK Imports and the Potential for Infectious Diseases. Animals. 2020; 10(9):1632. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091632
Chicago/Turabian StyleGreen, Jennah, Emma Coulthard, John Norrey, David Megson, and Neil D’Cruze. 2020. "Risky Business: Live Non-CITES Wildlife UK Imports and the Potential for Infectious Diseases" Animals 10, no. 9: 1632. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091632
APA StyleGreen, J., Coulthard, E., Norrey, J., Megson, D., & D’Cruze, N. (2020). Risky Business: Live Non-CITES Wildlife UK Imports and the Potential for Infectious Diseases. Animals, 10(9), 1632. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091632