Effects of Dog-Based Animal-Assisted Interventions in Prison Population: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources and Searches
2.2. Risk of Bias
2.3. Data Extraction
3. Results
3.1. Article Selection
3.2. Risk of Bias
3.3. Participants
3.4. Study Design
3.5. Intervention
3.6. Comparison Groups
3.7. Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Cohort | Control or Comparison Group | Pre/Post Intervention Data | Random Assignment of Participants to Intervention | Random Selection of Participants for Assessment | Follow-Up Rate of 80% or More | Comparison Groups Equivalent on Sociodemographics | Comparison Groups Equivalentat Baseline On Disclosure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antonio (2017) | | | | | | | | |
Collica-Cox (2018) | | | | | | | | |
Contalbringo (2017) | | | | | | | | |
Cooke (2015) | | | | | | | | |
Dell (2019) | | | | | | | | |
Flynn (2019) | | | | | | | | |
Holman (2020) | | | | | | | | |
Jasperson (2010) | | | | | | | | |
Jasperson (2015) | | | | | | | | |
Koda (2015) | | | | | | | | |
Koda (2016) | | | | | | | | |
Kunz-Lomelin (2019) | | | | | | | | |
Leonardi (2017) | | | | | | | | |
Minke (2017) | | | | | | | | |
Minton (2015) | | | | | | | | |
Seivert (2016) | | | | | | | | |
Smith (2019) | | | | | | | | |
Smith and Smith (2019) | | | | | | | | |
Stetina (2020) | | | | | | | | |
Syzmanski (2018) | | | | | | | | |
Study/Year | Participants | Sample Size (N) | Age (SD) | Study Design | Control Group Protocol |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antonio (2017) | Female and male inmates and staff | 62 | 45.36 (9.29) 43.85 (11.69) | Observational (Quantitative) | None |
Collica-Cox (2018) | Female inmates | 10 | NR | Non-RCT (Qualitative) | Parenting, prison, and pups program without animal-assisted intervention |
Contalbringo (2017) | Drug-addicted male inmates | 22 | EG: 35.5(13.83) CG: 42.9 (9.1) | Non-RCT (Quantitative) | Standard rehabilitation program |
Cooke (2015) | Female inmates (Adults and young) with problems in psychological and emotional health | 20 12 AI 8 YI | AI: 38.36 YI: 14–19 | Observational (Qualitative) | None |
Dell (2019) | Male and female inmates in psychiatric prison | 3 1 F 2 M | 48 | Observational (Quantitative) | None |
Flynn (2019) | Male and female inmates | 229 | EG: 39.4 (13.0) CG: 40.9 (11.0) | Non-RCT (Quantitative) | Passive control group. They did not participate in the program |
Holman (2020) | Female inmates in mental health prison unit | 6 | 31 (7) | Observational (Quantitative) | None |
Jasperson (2010) | Female inmates with mental illness | 5 | 26–42 | Observational (Qualitative) | None |
Jasperson (2013) | Female inmates | 81 | 36 | RCT (Quantitative) | Psycho-education and therapeutic intervention without dog |
Koda (2015) | Male inmates with developmental disorders | 72 | 26–60 | Observational (Quantitative) | None |
Koda (2016) | Male inmates with psychiatric or/and developmental disorders | 73 | 26–60 | Observational (Quantitative) | None |
Kunz-Lomelin (2019) | Male inmates | 17 | 19–58 | Observational (Quantitative) | None |
Leonardi (2017) | Young offenders | 66 | 16–21 | Observational (Qualitative) | None |
Minke (2017) | Female inmates | 12 | 39 | Observational (Qualitative) | None |
Minton (2015) | Female inmates (multi-level security prison) | 30 | 50.23 | Observational (Qualitative) | None |
Seivert (2016) | Young inmates | 117 | 15.7 (0.9) | RCT (Quantitative) | Animal education component and interaction component (Not engaged in dog training and were not assigned to any specific dog) |
Smith (2019) | Male inmates (maximum-security prisons) | 285 | NR | Observational (Qualitative) | None |
Smith and Smith (2019) | Young inmates (in adult prison) | 31 | 21 | Observational (Qualitative) | None |
Stetina (2020) | Female and male inmates | 81 50 M 31 F | 29.3 (7.24) | Observational (Quantitative) | None |
Syzmanski (2018) | Young inmates | 73 43 EG 30 CG | NR | RCT (Quantitative) | Only walking dogs without teaching them |
Study/Year | Intervention Duration (Weeks) | Session Duration (Minute) | Weekly Frequency (Days) | Activities Included in Session |
---|---|---|---|---|
Antonio (2017) | -- | -- | -- | Dog training program. |
Collica-Cox (2019) | 8 | 120 | 2 | The classes included Orientation and Parenting Styles; Effective Speaking; Effective Listening; Effective Problem Solving; Bonding Through Play and Reading; The Parent’s Job and The Child’s Job; Directions and Encouragement; Rules, Rewards and Consequences; Time Out with Back-Up Privilege Removal (non-violent discipline); Going Home To Your Children; Stress Management and Meditation; Healthy Adult Relationships; and CPR, First Aid, and AED certification for adults, children, and infants. The dogs will serve as emotional support during the class when difficult topics are discussed and the dogs will be incorporated into each lesson and serve as avatars/surrogates as women practice some of their skills. The therapy dogs will be available for the children and family members during the reunification/graduation day. |
Contalbringo et al. (2017) | 26 | 60 | 1 | Experimental group is involved in dog-assisted therapy session, while control group is only part of standard rehabilitation program. Participants had to experience the interaction with the dog and they were involved in management and performance activities. |
Cooke (2015) | 8 | -- | -- | Rehabilitation and educational program where participants have to train and care for shelter dogs. |
Dell (2019) | 26 | 30 | -- | Participants are part of animal-assisted therapy where it is intended to work human-animal bond. |
Flynn (2019) | -- | -- | -- | There are inmates who are part of dog training program, while there are a control group who are not part of dog training program. |
Holman (2020) | 8 | 30 | 1 | Participants try to do clicker training exercise individually with the dog. |
Jasperson (2010) | 4 or 8 | 60 | 2 or 1 | The treatment group implemented the use of a dog in order to facilitate the educational and therapeutic goals. In general, sessions were focused on the development of social skills, coping skills, and self-awareness. Each week, treatment group would sit in a circle on the floor and the dog would remain in the center of the circle. So, human–animal interaction was based on group member or animal initiative. |
Jasperson (2015) | 8 | 60 | 1 | The group focused on personal safety, developing trust, being trustworthy, responsibility, understanding emotions, expressing emotions in a healthy manner, and learning new behaviors. Each week, group members sat in a circle on the floor and the dog remained in the center of the circle. Member or animal initiative prompted human–animal interaction. |
Koda (2015) | 12 | 70 | 1 | The program was semi-structured with six themes, namely dog walking, dog obedience training, dog health check, dog massage, dog health care, and games with dogs. Each theme was repeated twice in successive weeks with different visitation dog–handler pairs. |
Koda (2016) | 12 | 70 | 1 | The program was semi-structured and consisted of six activities, namely dog walking, dog obedience training, dog health check, dog massage, dog healthcare, and playing games with dogs. Each activity was repeated twice, in two successive weeks with different visiting dog–handler pairs. |
Kunz-Lomelin (2019) | 5 | -- | -- | Participants are involved in a dog training course in which dogs receive Canine Good Citizenship. |
Leonardi (2017) | 8 | -- | 3 | Maximum 10 young men participating in each session. Participants learns how to train and care for the dogs, so they design training plans and use positive reinforcement methods to achieve their training goals. |
Minke (2017) | -- | -- | -- | Participants are involved in activities such as walking dog, cooking and dining, manufacturing key-hangers, and engaging in hobbies. |
Minton (2015) | 26–208 | -- | -- | Dog training program in which women participated as dog trainers or assistants for the prison pup program. |
Seivert(2016) | 10 | 120 | 2 | Sessions included a didactic 1 h animal education component and 1 h dog interaction component. The intervention group, in the interaction component, is involved in experiential learning in the form of positive dog training. While the control group do not engage in dog training and are not assigned to any specific dog. |
Smith (2019) | -- | -- | -- | Participants are involved in a dog-training program in which inmates are part of a program with rescue dogs. |
Smith and Smith (2019) | -- | -- | -- | Participants are involved in a dog-training program in which inmates are part of a program with rescue dogs. |
Stetina (2020) | 10 | 60 | 1 | Dog-assisted group therapy is involved in competence and communication training that aims to enhance the social and emotional skills of the participants learning through interaction with the dog based on social and emotional skills that humans can learn from canines or socio-emotional interactions. |
Syzmanski (2018) | 10 | 120 | 2 | Experimental group was learning to train dogs, while control group was walking the dogs. They also had classroom-based didactic sessions each week that focused on information about dog care, dog behavior, and humane treatment. |
Authors | Instruments | Outcome Measure | EG Baseline | EG after Treatment | CG Baseline | CG after Treatment | Reported Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Randomized Controlled Trials | |||||||
Jasperson (2015) | Questionnaire (OQ) | -Social Role | 14.33 (4.27) | 12.65(3.80) | 12.25 (4.39) | 11.57 (4.82) | WG (EG) |
-Symptom distress | 45.47 (11.77) | 37.16 (13.98) | 39.56 (14.31) | 33.58 (13.06) | WG (EG) | ||
-Interpersonal relationships | 21.40 (4.57) | 19.91 (6.37) | 19.82 (5.12) | 17.98 (6.30) | WG (EG) | ||
Seivert (2016) | TRFYSR | -Staff report internalizing | 56.76 (9.09) | 58.36 (9.50) | 55.72 (9.18) | 55.84 (9.62) | WG (EG/CG) |
-Youth report internalizing | 55.43 (10.74) | 56.33 (11.04) | 53.89(11.09) | 55.07 (10.86) | WG (EG/CG) | ||
-Empathic concern | 17.74 (5.54) | 17.67 (5.42) | 16.85 (5.50) | 18.43 (4.63) | WG (EG/CG) | ||
-Perspective taking | 14.30 (5.92) | 14.47 (5.58) | 14.93 (5.12) | 16.25 (5.35) | = | ||
Syzmanski (2018) | Review and medical chart | -Future orientation | NR | 6.13 (2.91) | NR | 4.33 (3.15) | = |
-Cognitive growth | NR | 8.05 (3.93) | NR | 4.70 (2.52) | = | ||
-Self-awareness | NR | 3.14 (1.27) | NR | 3.04 (1.90) | = | ||
-Attachment | NR | 6.79 (5.29) | NR | 3.13 (3.10) | = | ||
-Attitude toward program | NR | 3.12 (2.63) | NR | 1.08 (0.95) | = | ||
-Positivity of emotion | NR | 4.03 (1.21) | NR | 2.97 (2.64) | = | ||
Non-Randomized Controlled Trial | |||||||
Contalbringo (2017) | SCL-90-R | -Somatization | 0.98 (0.89) | 0.21 (0.24) | 1.17 (1.30) | 0.65 (0.74) | WG (EG) |
-Obsessive-compulsive symptoms | 1.07 (0.61) | 0.46 (0.29) | 1.37 (1.05) | 0.83 (0.53) | WG (EG) | ||
-Interpersonal sensitivity | 0.60 (0.59) | 0.23 (0.24) | 0.70 (0.51) | 0.52 (0.55) | = | ||
-Depression | 1.34 (0.84) | 0.45 (0.32) | 1.10 (0.77) | 0.83 (0.48) | WG (EG)/BG | ||
-Anxiety | 1.39 (0.95) | 0.44 (0.35) | 1.07 (0.83) | 0.73 (0.41) | WG (EG) | ||
-Hostility | 0.57 (0.58) | 0.43 (0.36) | 0.67 (0.75) | 0.53 (0.54) | = | ||
-Phobic anxiety | 0.46 (0.55) | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.82 (1.40) | 0.35 (0.51) | =/BG | ||
-Paranoid ideation | 1.17 (0.72) | 0.54 (0.49) | 0.86 (0.74) | 0.83 (0.59) | WG (EG) | ||
-Psychoticism | 0.73 (0.62) | 0.19 (0.16) | 0.84 (0.77) | 0.66 (0.41) | WG (EG) | ||
-Sleep disorders | 1.78 (0.53) | 0.63 (0.59) | 1.89 (1.47) | 1.00 (1.02) | WG(EG/CG)/BG | ||
-Global severity index | 1.01 (0.54) | 0.35 (0.19) | 1.00 (0.82) | 0.67 (0.43) | WG (EG) | ||
Flynn (2019) | Survey | -Infraction rate | 0.68 | 0.34 | 0.54 | 1.01 | WG (EG) |
-Self-efficacy | NR | 3.23 (0.47) | NR | 3.15 (0.55) | = | ||
-State anxiety | NR | 1.54 (0.48) | NR | 1.70 (0.61) | BG | ||
-Trait anxiety | NR | 1.91 (0.49) | NR | 1.98 (0.56) | = | ||
-Empathy | NR | 4.00 (0.75) | NR | 3.81 (0.88) | = | ||
-Perspective taking | NR | 3.42 (0.94) | NR | 3.42 (0.93) | = | ||
-Fantasy | NR | 3.09 (1.00) | NR | 3.09 (0.96) | = | ||
Observational | |||||||
Antonio (2017) | SAQ | -Reduced recidivism | NR | 6.88 (2.36) M | NR | 7.80 (2.37) F | BG |
-Non-violent incidents in prison | NR | 3.76 (0.98) M | NR | 4.09 (1.17) F | BG | ||
-Violent incidents in prison | NR | 4.32 (0.79) M | NR | 4.50 (0.72) F | = | ||
-Cooperative with correctional staff | NR | 4.26 (0.73) M | NR | 4.44 (0.90) F | = | ||
-Improved morale | NR | 4.24 (0.82) M | NR | 4.39 (0.91) F | = | ||
-Brings all inmates together as a community | NR | 3.67 (0.98) M | NR | 4.10 (0.86) F | BG | ||
-Provides inmates with marketable skills | NR | 4.26 (0.89) M | NR | 4.24 (0.88) F | = | ||
-Positive interactions with other inmates | NR | 4.18 (0.75) M | NR | 4.39 (0.61) F | = | ||
Dell (2019) | Questionnaire | -Emotional state | 3.3 (0.66) | 4.8 (0.17) | NR | NR | WG (EG) |
Holman (2020) | Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) | -Levels of anxiety | 16.16 (1.04) | 4.33 (4.04) | NR | NR | = |
Koda (2015) | Questionnaire(PGFSME) | -Tension | 1.65 (1.10) | 1.16 (1.20) | NR | NR | WG (EG) |
-Depression | 1.46 (1.02) | 1.14 (1.10) | NR | NR | = | ||
-Irritation | 1.22 (1.01) | 1.09 (1.13) | NR | NR | = | ||
-Vigor | 1.91 (1.00) | 2.12 (1.22) | NR | NR | = | ||
-Fatigue | 1.35 (0.93) | 1.25 (1.11) | NR | NR | = | ||
-Distraction | 1.49 (0.90) | 1.22 (1.11) | NR | NR | = | ||
-Anxiety | 1.37 (1.04) | 1.18 (1.16) | NR | NR | = | ||
Koda (2016) | Monitoring salivary cortisol | -Cortisol level | Psychiatric disorders | NR | NR | NR | WG |
Development disorders | NR | NR | NR | = | |||
Psychiatric and development disorders | NR | NR | NR | = | |||
Kunz-Lomelin (2019) | CES-D | -Depression | 36.94 (11.62) | 32.18 (12.50) | NR | NR | = |
GAD-7 | -Anxiety | 6.59 (5.81) | 5.53 (5.94) | NR | NR | = | |
RS-E | -Self esteem | 17.76 (6.77) | 17.41 (6.65) | NR | NR | = | |
PCL-C | -PTSD | 36.24 (14.42) | 27.23 (10.49) | NR | NR | WG (EG) | |
UCLA | -Loneliness scale | 49.27 (8.63) | 42.55 (14.34) | NR | NR | = | |
RS | -Brief resiliency scale | 3.82 (1.03) | 4.10 (0.91) | NR | NR | = | |
Stetina (2020) | SEE | -Accept own emotion | 22.30 (3.56) F | 23.23 (2.69) F | 21.46 (4.69) M | 24.70 (3.8) M | WG (CG)/BG |
-Emotional flooding | 21.93 (3.91) F | 20.22 (3.81) F | 21.36 (5.84) M | 19.43 (5.03) | WG (ET/CG) | ||
-Lack of emotions | 13.35 (2.81) F | 13.29 (2.28) F | 13.82 (3.97) M | 12.20 (3.32) M | WG (CG)/BG | ||
-Somatic representation | 24.77 (6.49) F | 27.03 (4.78) F | 25.20 (5.98) M | 26.30 (5.45) M | = | ||
-Imaginative representation | 17.90 (4.64) F | 17.32 (4.93) F | 16.40 (4.82) M | 16.98 (4.68) M | = | ||
-Emotional regulation | 12.16 (3.01) F | 12.80 (2.7) F | 13.30 (3.11) M | 15.66 (2.37) M | WG (CG)/BG | ||
-Self-control | 20.83 (3.66) F | 21.74 (4.48) F | 19.54 (4.36) M | 22.64 (3.82) M | WG (CG)/BG | ||
EMI-B | -Anxious vs. free from fear | 64.44 (9.48) F | 65.11 (6.86) F | 57.61 (12.97) M | 49.16 (12.38) M | WG (CG)/BG | |
-Depressive vs. happy | 29.78 (4.37) F | 28.22 (4.39) F | 29.78 (8.04) M | 22.00 (7.27) M | WG (CG)/BG | ||
-Tired vs. dynamic | 29.56 (4.13) F | 30.00 (2.03) F | 29.00 (7.65) M | 24.36 (6.84) M | WG (CG)/BG | ||
-Aggressive vs. calm | 26.78 (5.01) F | 29.22 (2.87) F | 26.97 (7.71) M | 22.63 (6.81) M | WG (CG)/BG | ||
-Inhibited vs. spontaneous | 32.11 (5.67) F | 32.44 (3.15) F | 29.86 (6.24) M | 27.08 (7.02) M | WG (CG) | ||
-Lonely vs. secure | 30.67 (3.75) F | 29.11 (2.37) F | 30.50 (6.70) M | 26.52 (4.99) M | WG (EG/CG) | ||
-Imbalanced feeling vs. well being | 50.56 (11.12) F | 49.33 (14.4) F | 57.80 (14.5) M | 45.36 (13.73) M | WG (CG)/BG | ||
SDQ-III | -Math | 46.22 (10.86) F | 44.32 (15.8) F | 43.49 (17.45) M | 47.79 (14.82) M | WG (CG)/BG | |
-Verbal | 43.45 (10.65) F | 55.74 (10.85) F | 53.67 (11.01) M | 59.45 (10.79) M | WG EG/CG)/BG | ||
-Academic | 46.29 (10.36) F | 48.03 (12.48) F | 45.79 (14.00) M | 53.75 (15.19) M | WG (CG)/BG | ||
-Problem solving | 48.64 (11.31) F | 56.77 (7.12) F | 51.93 (10.96) M | 64.26 (8.76) M | WG (EG/CG) | ||
-Physical ability | 44.48 (9.19) F | 51.32 (11.73) F | 51.83 (15.38) M | 53.73 (14.34) M | WG (EG)/BG | ||
-Same sex peer relations | 38.22 (7.48) F | 52.54 (12.16) F | 52.00 (10.77) M | 58.97 (10.38) M | WG EG/CG)/BG | ||
-Opposite sex peer relations | 41.03 (16.15) F | 56.35 (7.03) F | 53.42 (10.67) M | 56.95 (11.39) M | WG EG/CG)/BG | ||
-Parent relation | 39.19 (7.91) F | 44.58 (15.47) F | 46.97 (15.36) M | 48.28 (16.08) M | = | ||
-Spiritual values/religion | 57.22 (8.89) F | 45.29 (12.54) F | 49.81 (16.28) M | 50.53 (20.33) M | WG (EG)/BG | ||
-Honesty/trustworthiness | 49.61 (11.89) F | 68.32 (12.06) F | 66.4 (9.99) M | 74.36 (8.14) M | WG EG/CG)/BG | ||
-Emotional stability | 51.25 (13.67) F | 50.19 (12.24) F | 51.95 (12.64) M | 63.36 (2.24) M | WG (CG)/BG | ||
-General esteem | 54.19 (10.69) F | 69.93 (11.41) F | 66.08 (14.79) M | 80.18 (10.71) M | WG (EG/CG) | ||
-Physical appearance | 43.00 (11.01) F | 41.45 (5.58) F | 49.89 (11.84) M | 51.53 (10.35) M | = |
Authors | Instrument | Outcome Measures | EG Results | CG Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Randomized Controlled Trial | ||||
Collica-Cox (2018) | Interview (DASS21) | Levels of stress | NR | −Stress, depression, and parental stress |
Anxiety | ||||
Depression | ||||
Self-esteem | +Self-esteem | |||
Observational | ||||
Cooke (2015) | Interview (Psychometric test) | Psychological and emotional Health | +Motherhood | NR |
Motherhood | +Transferable skills | NR | ||
Transferable skills | +Security | NR | ||
Security | +Trust | NR | ||
Trust | +Serving time | NR | ||
Serving time | +Social competence | NR | ||
+Interpersonal | NR | |||
dynamics | ||||
Jasperson (2010) | Report GM and T’S | Anxiety | −Anxiety | NR |
Depressive symptoms | −Depressive symptoms | NR | ||
Self-awareness | +Self-awareness | NR | ||
Observation (MHP) | Social isolation | −Social isolation | NR | |
Pro-social behaviors | +Prosocial behaviors | NR | ||
Leonardi (2017) | Semi-structured interviews | −Dogs | +Educational engagement | NR |
−Positive effects | +Developing employability skills | NR | ||
−Motivation | +Enhancing well-being | NR | ||
−Charitable purpose | ||||
−Self-efficacy | ||||
−Improved skills | ||||
−Social impact | ||||
−Impulsivity | ||||
−Emotional management | ||||
Minke (2017) | Interview | −Social relations | +The prison atmosphere and emotional support was better after treatment | NR |
−Emotional support | +Dog calm them and they defined prison as a “safe place” | NR | ||
Observation | −Normalizing the prison setting | |||
Minton (2015) | Semi-structured interviews | −Physical and emotional health | +Stress was reduced and losing weight | NR |
−Goal-directed | +Improve their self-concept, ability to reorganize | NR | ||
Behaviors | +Change their negative self-concept into a positive one | NR | ||
−Self-concept | +More empathic | NR | ||
−Empathy and self-control | +Ability to meet people | NR | ||
−Socialization | ||||
Smith (2019) | Survey questions | −Symbolism of the rescue dog | +Dog represented unconditional love and care | NR |
−Universal support and spillover effects | +Dog as strengthening a sense of community in the unit | NR | ||
−Reinforcement of positive emotions | +Dog produced a stabilizing emotional effect | NR | ||
−Coping and linkage to the outside world | +Emotional stability | NR | ||
−Hope and transformation | +Positive emotions and coping | NR | ||
−Rotating dog handlers | +Participants need to rotate | NR | ||
Smith and Smith (2019) | Survey questions | −Symbolism of the rescue dog | +Empathy and positive emotions | NR |
−Positive behaviors and rehabilitation | +Hope and rehabilitative developments | NR | ||
−A sense of normality | +Gave them a sense of normality and connection to the outside world | NR | ||
−Universal support | +Increase inmate’s positive viewpoint of dog | NR |
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Villafaina-Domínguez, B.; Collado-Mateo, D.; Merellano-Navarro, E.; Villafaina, S. Effects of Dog-Based Animal-Assisted Interventions in Prison Population: A Systematic Review. Animals 2020, 10, 2129. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112129
Villafaina-Domínguez B, Collado-Mateo D, Merellano-Navarro E, Villafaina S. Effects of Dog-Based Animal-Assisted Interventions in Prison Population: A Systematic Review. Animals. 2020; 10(11):2129. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112129
Chicago/Turabian StyleVillafaina-Domínguez, Beatriz, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Eugenio Merellano-Navarro, and Santos Villafaina. 2020. "Effects of Dog-Based Animal-Assisted Interventions in Prison Population: A Systematic Review" Animals 10, no. 11: 2129. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112129
APA StyleVillafaina-Domínguez, B., Collado-Mateo, D., Merellano-Navarro, E., & Villafaina, S. (2020). Effects of Dog-Based Animal-Assisted Interventions in Prison Population: A Systematic Review. Animals, 10(11), 2129. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112129