Social Referencing in the Domestic Horse
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Ethics Statement
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Scoring and Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Hypothesis 1: Behavioral Differences between the Positive and the Negative Condition
3.2. Hypothesis 2: Behavioral Differences between Breeds
3.3. Behavioral Differences between Sexes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Full Sample n = 46 | Positive Condition n = 22 | Negative Condition n = 24 | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 11.11 ± 7.2 (1–26) | 11.32 ± 6.8 (2–23) | 10.92 ± 7.8 (1–26) |
Male | 58.7% (28) | 68.2% (15) | 54.2% (13) |
Female | 39.1% (18) | 31.8% (7) | 45.8% (11) |
Warmbloods | 43.5% (20) | 40.9% (9) | 45.8% (11) |
Thoroughbreds | 41.3% (19) | 45.5% (10) | 37.5% (9) |
Ponies | 15.2% (7) | 13.6% (3) | 16.7% (4) |
Gaze | ||
Gaze human | Frequency | Number of horse’s head orientations towards human |
Gaze object | Frequency | Number of horse’s head orientations towards object |
Interaction | ||
Interaction human | Frequency | Number of horse’s physical contacts with human |
Interaction object | Frequency | Number of horse’s physical contacts with object |
Position | ||
Behind experimenter | Duration | Total time of horse’s position between the experimenter and close to the door, farthest from object |
Abreast to experimenter | Duration | Total time of horse’s position next to experimenter between door and object |
In front of experimenter | Duration | Total time of horse’s position between the experimenter and the object |
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Schrimpf, A.; Single, M.-S.; Nawroth, C. Social Referencing in the Domestic Horse. Animals 2020, 10, 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010164
Schrimpf A, Single M-S, Nawroth C. Social Referencing in the Domestic Horse. Animals. 2020; 10(1):164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010164
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchrimpf, Anne, Marie-Sophie Single, and Christian Nawroth. 2020. "Social Referencing in the Domestic Horse" Animals 10, no. 1: 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010164