Cross-Border Investigations on the Prevalence and Transmission Dynamics of Cryptosporidium Species in Dairy Cattle Farms in Western Mainland Europe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Geographical Area of Research and Study Model
2.2. Faecal Sample Collection
2.3. Sample Processing and DNA Extraction
2.4. Cryptosporidium spp. Detection, and Subtyping
2.5. Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sampling Report
3.2. Cryptosporidium spp. Occurrence and Prevalence in Farms across Belgium, France, and the Netherlands
3.2.1. Belgium
3.2.2. France
3.2.3. The Netherlands
3.2.4. Cryptosporidium parvum Subtyping through gp60 Molecular Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Farm ID | Number of Screened/Positive Animals | C. parvum | C. bovis | C. andersoni | C. ryanae | C. xiaoi | gp60 Subtypes of C. parvum (n) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calf | Cow | Calf | Cow | Calf | Cow | Calf | Cow | Calf | Cow | Calf | Cow | Calf | Cow | ||
Belgium | BE1 | 7/3 | 7/0 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IiaA15G2R1 (3) | - |
BE2 | 20/5 | 21/3 | 5 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (5) | IIaA15G2R1 (1) | |
BE3 | 9/4 | 11/0 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | IIaA17G2R1 (2) | - | |
BE4 | 9/4 | 10/1 | 4 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (3) | IIaA15G2R1 (1) | |
BE5 | 10/4 | 10/1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (2) | IIaA15G2R1 (1) | |
BE6 | 10/1 | 10/1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (1) | - | |
BE7 | 10/4 | 10/0 | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
BE8 | 10/6 | 10/1 | 2 | - | 4 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (2) | - | |
BE9 | 10/1 | 10/0 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (1) | - | |
BE10 | 10/1 | 8/0 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
BE11 | 10/6 | 10/2 | 6 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA13G2R1 (6) | IIaA13G2R1 (2) | |
BE12 | 7/3 | 1/0 | - | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
BE13 | 10/4 | 10/0 | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (4) | - | |
BE14 | 10/3 | 10/0 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA16G3R1 (3) | - | |
BE15 | 10/0 | 9/0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
BE16 | 10/2 | 10/1 | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
BE17 | 8/2 | 8/0 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (2) | - | |
France | FR18 | 9/0 | 9/1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA16G2R1 (1) |
FR19 | 11/3 | 11/0 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (3) | - | |
FR20 | 10/5 | 10/0 | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (5) | - | |
FR21 | 10/6 | 10/0 | 6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA16G2R1 (6) | - | |
FR22 | 10/4 | 10/1 | - | - | 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
FR23 | 10/7 | 10/1 | 7 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (7) | - | |
FR24 | 10/4 | 10/3 | - | - | 4 | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
FR25 | 10/4 | 10/0 | 3 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (3) | - | |
FR26 | 10/7 | 10/0 | 5 | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | IIaA16G2R1 (5) | - | |
FR27 | 9/5 | 9/0 | - | - | 4 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
FR28 | 9/1 | 10/1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
FR29 | 5/2 | 5/0 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (2) | - | |
FR30 | 10/4 | 10/0 | 1 | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA16G1R1 (1) | - | |
FR31 | 3/3 | 3/0 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (3) | - | |
FR32 | 4/1 | 4/0 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
FR33 | 7/3 | 7/0 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (3) | - | |
FR34 | 10/3 | 10/0 | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (2) | - | |
FR35 | 11/4 | 11/0 | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA18G2R1 (4) | - | |
FR36 | 9/5 | 9/0 | 4 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (2) | - | ||
FR37 | 8/1 | 7/0 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
The Netherlands | NL38 | 10/0 | 10/0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
NL39 | 10/0 | 10/0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
NL40 | 10/2 | 9/0 | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
NL41 | 10/2 | 10/1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (1) | - | |
NL42 | 10/3 | 10/0 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (2) | - | |
NL43 | 10/0 | 10/0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
NL44 | 10/4 | 10/0 | 3 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (3) | - | |
NL45 | 10/3 | 10/0 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA13G2R1 (3) | - | |
NL46 | 10/5 | 10/1 | 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (2) | - | |
NL47 | 10/4 | 10/1 | 4 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (4) | - | |
NL48 | 10/5 | 10/0 | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (5) | - | |
NL49 | 10/5 | 10/0 | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (1) | - | |
NL50 | 10/6 | 10/0 | 6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (6) | - | |
NL51 | 10/1 | 10/0 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
NL52 | 10/3 | 10/1 | 3 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA14G1R1 (2) | - | |
NL53 | 10/2 | 10/0 | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
NL54 | 10/3 | 10/0 | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (3) | - | |
NL55 | 10/5 | 10/0 | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (4) | - | |
NL56 | 10/6 | 10/0 | 6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (5) | - | |
NL57 | 10/6 | 10/0 | 6 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | IIaA15G2R1 (6) | - |
Country | Age Group | Number of Screened/Positive Animals | Genotyping and Number of Positive Samples (%) | Genotyping of C. parvum at the gp60 (n/%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. parvum | C. bovis | C. andersoni | C. ryanae | C. xiaoi | ||||
Belgium | Calf | 170/53 | 38 (73.1) | 12 (23.1) | - | 3 (5.8) | - | IIaA15G2R1 (23/67.7), IIaA17G2R1 (2/5.9), IIaA13G2R1 (6/17.6), IIaA16G3R1 (3/8.8) |
Cow | 165/10 | 7 (70.0) | 2 (20.0) | - | 1 (10.0) | - | IIaA15G2R1 (3/60.0), IIaA13G2R1 (2/40.0), | |
Overall | 335/63 | 45 (71.4) | 14 (22.2) | - | 4 (6.4) | - | IIaA15G2R1 (26/66.7), IIaA17G2R1 (2/5.1), IIaA13G2R1 (8/20.5), IIaA16G3R1 (3/7.7) | |
France | Calf | 175/72 | 49 (68.1) | 19 (26.4) | - | 3 (4.2) | 1 (1.3) | IIaA15G2R1 (30/65.2), IIaA16G2R1 (11/23.9), IIaA16G1R1 (1/2.2), IIaA18G2R1 (4/8.7) |
Cow | 175/7 | 2 (28.6) | 3 (42.8) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (14.3) | - | IIaA16G2R1 (1/100.0) | |
Overall | 350/79 | 51 (64.6) | 22 (27.8) | 1 (1.3) | 4 (5.0) | 1 (1.3) | IIaA15G2R1 (30/63.8), IIaA16G2R1 (12/25.6), IIaA16G1R1 (1/2.1), IIaA18G2R1 (4/8.5) | |
Netherlands | Calf | 200/65 | 56 (86.2) | 5 (7.7) | - | 4 (6.1) | - | IIaA15G2R1 (42/89.4), IIaA13G2R1 (3/6.4), IIaA14G1R1 (2/4.2) |
Cow | 199/4 | 3 (75.0) | 1 (25.0) | - | - | - | - | |
Overall | 399/69 | 59 (85.5) | 6 (8.7) | - | 4 (5.8) | - | IIaA15G2R1 (42/89.4), IIaA13G2R1 (3/6.4), IIaA14G1R1 (2/4.2) |
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Pinto, P.; Ribeiro, C.A.; Hoque, S.; Hammouma, O.; Leruste, H.; Détriché, S.; Canniere, E.; Daandels, Y.; Dellevoet, M.; Roemen, J.; et al. Cross-Border Investigations on the Prevalence and Transmission Dynamics of Cryptosporidium Species in Dairy Cattle Farms in Western Mainland Europe. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 2394. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112394
Pinto P, Ribeiro CA, Hoque S, Hammouma O, Leruste H, Détriché S, Canniere E, Daandels Y, Dellevoet M, Roemen J, et al. Cross-Border Investigations on the Prevalence and Transmission Dynamics of Cryptosporidium Species in Dairy Cattle Farms in Western Mainland Europe. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(11):2394. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112394
Chicago/Turabian StylePinto, Pedro, Cláudia A. Ribeiro, Sumaiya Hoque, Ourida Hammouma, Hélène Leruste, Sébastien Détriché, Evi Canniere, Yvonne Daandels, Martine Dellevoet, Janine Roemen, and et al. 2021. "Cross-Border Investigations on the Prevalence and Transmission Dynamics of Cryptosporidium Species in Dairy Cattle Farms in Western Mainland Europe" Microorganisms 9, no. 11: 2394. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112394
APA StylePinto, P., Ribeiro, C. A., Hoque, S., Hammouma, O., Leruste, H., Détriché, S., Canniere, E., Daandels, Y., Dellevoet, M., Roemen, J., Barbier Bourgeois, A., Kváč, M., Follet, J., & Tsaousis, A. D. (2021). Cross-Border Investigations on the Prevalence and Transmission Dynamics of Cryptosporidium Species in Dairy Cattle Farms in Western Mainland Europe. Microorganisms, 9(11), 2394. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9112394