Detoxification Strategies for Zearalenone Using Microorganisms: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Zearalenone (ZEA) and Its Toxicity to Animals
2.1. Metabolic Structure of ZEA in Animals
2.2. Toxic Damage in Animals Due to ZEA
2.2.1. Reproductive Toxicity
2.2.2. Cytotoxicity
2.2.3. Immunotoxicity
3. Non-Pathogenic Microorganisms with Detoxification EFFECTS toward Zearalenone
4. Biological Detoxification of ZEA
4.1. Adsorption of ZEA by the Cell Walls of Specific Strains
4.2. ZEA Biotransformation
4.2.1. Occurrence of Secondary Metabolites of ZEA
4.2.2. Modification of the Phenolic Hydroxyl Groups in ZEA
4.2.3. Formation of Non-Toxic Degradation Products from ZEA
4.2.4. Unknown ZEA Detoxification Pathways
5. Development Trends in Probiotic ZEA Decontamination
6. Epilogue
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microorganism | Authors/Refs. | |
---|---|---|
Bacillus spp. | B. subtilis | Cho [41], Tinyiro [42] |
B. licheniformis | Fu [43], Hsu [44] | |
B. amyloliquefaciens | Lee [45] | |
B. velezensis | Wang [17,46] | |
B. cereus | Wang [47] | |
Lactobacillus spp. | L. rhamnosus | El-Nezami [48] |
L. plantarum | Vega [49] | |
L. reuteri | Yang [50] | |
L. mucosae | Long [51] | |
L. paracasei | Abbès [52] | |
Saccharomyces spp. | S. cerevisiae | Armando [53], Krifaton [54] |
Action Site Diagram | |||
---|---|---|---|
Molecule | |||
R1 | R2 | R3 | |
ZEA | H | H | O |
ZEA-2-O-β-glucosides | glucose | H | O |
ZEA-4-O-β-glucosides | H | glucose | O |
ZEA-2,4-di-glucosides | glucose | glucose | O |
ZEA-4-sulfate | H | sulfate | O |
α-ZEL-2-glucosides | glucose | H | |
β-ZEL-2-glucosides | glucose | H | |
α-ZEL-2,4-di-glucosides | glucose | glucose | |
β-ZEL-2,4-di-glucosides | glucose | glucose |
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Wang, N.; Wu, W.; Pan, J.; Long, M. Detoxification Strategies for Zearalenone Using Microorganisms: A Review. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7070208
Wang N, Wu W, Pan J, Long M. Detoxification Strategies for Zearalenone Using Microorganisms: A Review. Microorganisms. 2019; 7(7):208. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7070208
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Nan, Weiwei Wu, Jiawen Pan, and Miao Long. 2019. "Detoxification Strategies for Zearalenone Using Microorganisms: A Review" Microorganisms 7, no. 7: 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7070208