The Effects of Perchlorates on the Permafrost Methanogens: Implication for Autotrophic Life on Mars
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Archaeal Strains
Methanogens | Substrates for Methanogenesis | Source of Isolation | References |
---|---|---|---|
Methanobacterium bryantii M.o.H.T | H2 + CO2 | Syntrophic association | [54] |
Methanosarcina mazei S-6T | Acetate, methanol, methylamine, trimethylamine, H2 + CO2 | Anaerobic sewage digester | [55] |
Methanobacterium arcticum M2T | H2+CO2, formate | Holocene permafrost | [22] |
Methanobacterium veterum MK4T | H2 + CO2, H2 + methanol, H2 + methylamine | Plieocene permafrost | [21] |
Methanosarcina sp. JL01 | Acetate, methanol, methylamine, trimethylamine | Holocene permafrost | [20] |
2.2. Media and Cultivation
2.3. Determination of Inhibitory Concentrations
2.4. Microscopic Examination
2.5. Analytical Procedures
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Determination of Perchlorates Inhibitory Concentrations
Strains | Mg(ClO4)2, mM | NaClO4, mM | Mg(ClO4)2 + NaClO4, mM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IC20 | IC50 | IC80 | IC20 | IC50 | IC80 | IC20 | IC50 | IC80 | |
M. bryantii M.o.HT | 3.5 | 6.2 | 9.0 | 2.8 | 6.0 | 9.8 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 8.1 |
M. arcticum M2T | 9.0 | >10.0 | >10.0 | >10.0 | >10.0 | >10.0 | >10.0 | >10.0 | >10.0 |
M. veterum MK4T | 2.6 | 6.6 | >10.0 | 4.1 | 8.4 | >10.0 | 2.5 | 5.6 | 9.0 |
M. mazei S-6T | 5.0 | 9.2 | >10.0 | 7.8 | >10.0 | >10.0 | 4.8 | >10.0 | >10.0 |
Methanosarcina sp. JL01 | 2.1 | 5.2 | >10.0 | 3.9 | 9.7 | >10.0 | 1.8 | 4.8 | >10.0 |
3.2. Methane Generation in Perchlorate-Supplemented Medium
3.3. Effect of Perchlorate on Morphology of M. arcticum M2T Cells
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shcherbakova, V.; Oshurkova, V.; Yoshimura, Y. The Effects of Perchlorates on the Permafrost Methanogens: Implication for Autotrophic Life on Mars. Microorganisms 2015, 3, 518-534. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms3030518
Shcherbakova V, Oshurkova V, Yoshimura Y. The Effects of Perchlorates on the Permafrost Methanogens: Implication for Autotrophic Life on Mars. Microorganisms. 2015; 3(3):518-534. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms3030518
Chicago/Turabian StyleShcherbakova, Viktoria, Viktoria Oshurkova, and Yoshitaka Yoshimura. 2015. "The Effects of Perchlorates on the Permafrost Methanogens: Implication for Autotrophic Life on Mars" Microorganisms 3, no. 3: 518-534. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms3030518